Section+3-Digestive

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2. Which organisms have similar organs in the digestive system? **Humans**, **horses, and rabbits (cecum)** How does that compare to the types of food that they eat? **They can only eat grains so that it is easier to digest. However cattle and sheep have a polygastric (four-stomach) digestive system and can live on hay and pasture.** 3. How is the organ adapted to provide as many reactions as possible in the shortest amount of space? **Going back in time, when external digestion was for fungi. “Enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they break down an organic material, and some of the products diffuse back to the organism.” From: []. Most mammals have internal digestion which can break down more products and the chemical environment can be more “controlled.” The enzymes are the key to the quick chemical reactions for everything in the body including the digestive system. Also cells are important in doing everything in the body too, even in the digestive system.** 4. How are the same design features found in the parts of the cell as well as in other organisms and the environment? **Mitochondria- They are called the “power house.” They provide the energy a cell needs to carry out its duties. They are like the digestive system. They take the good things (vitamins and things), break’em down, and then creates the energy. golgi bodies- It packages proteins and lipids. Mucin used for the large intestine is identified by it. , and endoplastic reticulium- It moves the proteins and such to the Golgi apparatus. It is compacted.**
 * 1) Compare and contrast the various organs and their order through the body. What role does each of them play (function, physical or chemical action?)
 * Pigs have the same stomach with only a single compartment just like us humans. They only have a mongastric digestive system (one stomach). The surface area is greater and this in turn allows the digestive system to quickly digest the food.**
 * Five main parts for a pig: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines. 1st the mouth: breakdown of food begins: teeth chew and then saliva contains enzyme, tongue pushes food toward the esophagus. The esophagus helps the food to get to the stomach. Muscle contractions happen, which at the end meet the cardiac valve that makes sure the food does not go back into the esophagus. Stomach: Chemicals and cells (hydrochloric acid and enzymes) break down the food into carbohydrates, protein, and facts. Though not all of the food goes back into these, some of it goes into the bloodstream. Food that can not be absorbed into the stomach go the small intestine through the pyloric valve. *Small intestine goes in a spiral-like way in which it can fit in a small space. The villi(tiny finger things) that allow it to absorb more. Cells on the intestine’s wall help digest the food. Liver secretions and pancreas juices help in the aid of the small intestine in breaking down the food. Almost all of the food is absorbed in the jejunum and ileum. However, if there is anything else it then goes to the ileocecal valve to the large intestine. The cecum does not really do anything for the pig (beginning of the intestine). Large intestine absorbs water. Large intestine is small and bigger in width. Mecous helps to make the food go smoothly through and muscle contractions help in the aid of this too. Eventually the food will go to the rectum. The anus then is where the undigested food goes out of the body. Then this is known as feces.** ***There are chitinous teeth that make up the gastric mill. This helps cut up the food. Same as the pig, basically.** ***The starfish has a mouth at the center. The food enters into the stomch and then goes to a second stomach. In each of its arms are the digestive glands. These digest the food. There however is a small intestine from secondary stomach to the anus that is in the center too.**
 * The cells are related to the organisms and the environment by how they are like as to golgi bodies and the large intestine. Like these organelles, it is compacted like the digestive system and has many reactions that make it happen.**


 * Question: Difference between digestive tract and gastrovascular cavity, which is more efficient? And what is a gastrovasucular cavity? Why is that efficient for other animals? Gastrovascualar cavity is a sac that with an opening to the environment for animals such as the flatworms. The nutrients go into the lining of this cavity. Then the undigested food goes out the opening. This in turn is a kind of bad thing in the way that they have to wait until they digested something go get something else. Evolution had its way and the thing of mouth to anus got invented. The one-way digestive tract is better because it can be passed to digest specific things in the areas needed. There is more surface area for these enzymes. []**

[] http://science.jrank.org/pages/1313/Cell-Golgi-body.html =Pictures:=

This is a more closer picture of the intestines and more into the digestive system. []
 * The second picture below is of the intestines, first one is inside the pig.**

Source for crayfish system: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cnsweb.org/digestvertebrates/GITFigures/EvolutionDigestiveSystemCrustaceanCrayfish%2520F12_07.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.cnsweb.org/digestvertebrates/WWWEdStevensTopicsEvolution.html&usg=__HLWLSrKV8r1AQ28uI5TuASOMSis=&h=324&w=468&sz=11&hl=en&start=0&sig2=nxWNbGEvaSlc2l8ioLF1cA&zoom=1&tbnid=F249nZr5glAzWM:&tbnh=146&tbnw=211&ei=8E3eTbikG4Hv0gGh7tnVCg&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcrayfish%2Bdigestive%2Bsystem%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26biw%3D1136%26bih%3D624%26gbv%3D2%26tbm%3Disch&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=145&vpy=&dur=2672&hovh=187&hovw=270&tx=187&ty=155&page=1&ndsp=14&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0&biw=1136&bih=624
 * For crayfish di****gestive system: The very white part is the digestive system (intestines and such).**

For the digestive system for the starfish:

Source: http://www.infovisual.info/02/011_en.html The light brown at the top is the digestive glands that has a pink tint to it.