Team+ALJ

= = flat =Members=

J Schuckers A Farmery D Lellock Klink

=Classification of Marine Bacteria= Activity 1:

1. Microbes significantly impact our global climate. Microbes impact global climate by causing some weather conditions such as rain. 2. Marine microbes are very small and have been around for a long time. Microbes have been around for up to 220 million years. 3. Life on Earth could not exist without microbes. If microbes did not exist no animals or plants would decay 4. Most marine microbes are beneficial. All ocean organisms depend on plankton directly or indirectly. Eventually, humans consume ocean creatures, so therefore, human life is tied to the presence of plankton. 5. Microbes are everywhere. They are extremely abundant and diverse. Microbes make up 90% of the ocean biomass and hidden life in the sea. The microbial world accounted for all life forms for 50-90% of life history and most began on the ocean. 6. There are new every day in the field of microbial oceanography. There are so many new discoveries because the microbes in the ocean are really abundant and there is so much water that they fined new things everyday in the water. Activity 3:

1. What characteristics must an ocean microbe have in order to survive? Autotrophs get energy from either light absorption or oxidation of inorganic Molecules heterotrophs used preformed organic matter as both a source of energy to generate ATP and as a source of carbon for the cell, just as animals do

2. What is density? A measurement of how tightly packed together the matter is.

3. Why would density be an important characteristic for ocean microbes? The density is important because there are many properties of water in the ocean that microbes could be present at.

4. How are ocean microbes beneficial to the environment and life on Earth? Ocean Microbes help the environment and life on earth by decomposing dead ocean life and waste therefore, cleaning the ocean.

5. Use common materials to design your microbe. What specific characteristics must it have and what materials did you choose to demonstrate those characteristics? The microbes are so abundant that there is a lot of different characteristics that they all have.

6. Describe what your environment looks like and the activities you would be doing as your microbe. My environment would be at the top of the water and can float.

=Monocot and Dicot differences=

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 * Monocots || dicots added ||
 * Embryo with single cotyledon || Embryo with two cotyledons ||
 * Pollen with ingle furrow or pore || Pollen with tree furrows or pores ||
 * Flower parts in multiples of || Flower parts in multiples of four or five ||
 * Major leaf veins parallel || Major leaf veins reticulated ||
 * Stem vascular bundles scattered || Stem vascular bundles in a ring ||
 * Roots are adventitious || Roots develop from radicle ||
 * Secondary growth absent || Secondary growth often present ||

Monocot stem - The vascular bundles are scattered through the stem. The vascular bundles include the xylem and phloem.



Dicot stem - The vascular bundle are in rings through the stem. Also the xylem and phloem are located in the bundles.

Roots
Monocots Roots- Monocots have a fibrous root system the primary root and is very small. The secondary are important for collecting water and are not as deep as the dicots roots.

Dicots Roots- Dicots have tap roots that are deep with long root hairs and less important secondary roots branch off. [|http://people.bridgewater.edu/~lhill/Monocotdicot.htm]

squash

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=Cell Inquiry Lab= onion cell- 500 This is a picture of an onion cell. An onion cell has a nucleus, cell wall, and cytoplasm.This is on high power on our microscope. cheek cell- 1500 This is a picture of a cheek cell. A cheek cell has a nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm.This is on high power on our microscope.

This is a picture if a zucchini cell. A zucchini cell has a nucleus, cell wall, and cytoplasm.This is on high power on our microscope.

Are fruits and vegetables made of cells? Yes, fruits and vegetables are made of cells and at one time a fruit or vegetable was living so there for fruits and vegetables are made of cells. Another reason they are made of cells because when we magnified through microscopes we saw the various cell parts. For example the nucleus, cell wall, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane. Therefore, fruits and vegetables are made of cells because they were once living and we viewed the cell parts. We took pictures of the cells after focusing in and viewing them. Then we labeled the pictures with the appropriate name and how many microns make up the cell.



=Cell Model=



=Cell Size Lab=




 * Cube Size || Area of Cube || Volume of Cube || Surface Area to Volume Ratio || Distance of Diffusion || Rate of Diffusion ||
 * 3x3x3 || 54cm2 || 27cm3 || 2:1 || 5mm || 4 ||
 * 2x2x2 || 24cm2 || 8cm3 || 3:1 || 5mm || 4 ||
 * 1x1x1 || 6cm2 || 1cm3 || 6:1 || 5mm || 4 ||

1. The 3x3x3 cube was the easiest to cut and the other two cubes were harder to cut because they were smaller. Drano in the cubes where all the same because they were frozen. All of the cubes are different sizes. Also some of the cubes were a little bit purple than the other. 2. All of the cubes because the pink indicator did not go through the block very well because it has been frozen before. Also after a while the cubes would start to break. 3. The diffusion because we tried to see the amount of diffusion occurring. 4. We think that the larger the cell the less efficiency, therefore the smaller the cell the more efficient.

= Homeostasis Lab =


 * Time || Perspiration || Pulse || Breathing || Body Temp. || Skin Color || Blood pressure || Exercise ||
 * 2 min || A little bit || 125 || Hard || 24 || Little red || 92/65 || Stairs ||
 * 4 min || A little bit more || 164 || Extra Hard || 25 || Bit red || 115/75 || Box jumps ||
 * 6 min || A Lot || 158 || Really hard || 25 || Red || 125/97 || Stairs ||
 * 8 min || A lot more || 156 || Extremely hard || 26 || Really red || 115/80 || Box jumps ||

Hypothesis: All of the body functions will rise. Conclusion: Our hypothesis was correct because all the body functions rose.

Analysis: 1. The Perspiration was more and more evident. The Pulse spiked but went down. Breathing got heavier and heavier. The body temperature went up. The skin color changed to red and became brighter and brighter. Blood Pressure went up as the exercise went on but it fell during the last exercise.

2. They help reach equilibrium by the sweat keeps body temps under control and the Faster the blood rate the faster so your tired limbs recover faster.

3. Sweating is one mechanism that maintains body temperature.

4. The increase in sweat is to keep the body cool and the increased heart rate is to pump more blood to your tired legs and arms. =Cell transport lab= This beaker contains distilled white vinegar and the egg in the beaker was a grade A egg. The egg was soaking in the vinegar for approximately 24 hours. After 24 hours the egg was soft and felt like a foam ball, after it soaked it weight 7 7 grams when we first weighted it, it was 53 grams This beaker is filled with honey. The egg in the beaker is a grade A large egg. It sat in the honey and soaked for 24 hours. After it was done soaking it remained hard and weighed 59 grams before it soaked it was 52 grams This beaker contains a grade A large egg and is soaking in syrup. It soaked in the syrup for 24 hours before we put the egg in the beaker we weighted it and it weight 53 grams after soaking it weighed 67 grams. The shell of the egg remained soft after soaking the egg.

=Cell Transport Questions= 1. They are both a form passive transport. They both move materials from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from an area where there are higher concentration to a lower concentration. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through the cell membrane. Both are a form of diffusion.

2. Diffusion and osmosis are considered to be passive process because they both move higher concentration to lower concentration. They move all of the bio chemicals across the membrane. They both are at the top of the most passive transporters.

3. (3) Differences between Active and Passive transport: Active transport involves chemical energy and passive doesnt.

Passive transport is dependent on the permeability of a membrane.

Active transport of small molecules or ions across a cell membrane is generally carried out by transport proteins or pumps that are found in the membrane itself. Passive transport mainly uses equilibrium, maintaining equal pressure with a semi permeable membrane.

Vocabulary- Diffusion- The spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration. Osmosis- The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Hypotonic- A solution with less concentration. Hypertonic- A solution with greater solute concentration. Isotonic- A neutral solution Solute- A substance that is dissolved in a solution. Solvent- Able to dissolve other substances. Selectively Permeable- certain chemicals can go into the cell. Water Potential- The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow. Concentration Gradient- A regular increase of decrease in the intensity or density of a chemical substance. Plasmolysis- Contraction of the protoplast of a plant cell as a result of loss of water from the cell. Turgor- The state of turgidity and resulting rigidity of cells, usually from water intake. Active Transport- The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a place of higher concentration. Facilitated Diffusion-

=Pond Water Lab=

This is a picture of pond algae. The Cell size is This is another picture of pond algae.The Cell size This is a close up of algae.The cell size

=Light Intensity Activity=

Hypothesis: We believe that the maximum ATP will occur with 200 brightness and 400 wave length.

What are the best possible conditions for making the maximum of ATP? The best possible conditions for maximum ATP is 200 Brightness and 425 wavelength.

=Protists=

Green Hydra- Is a Autotroph, and lives in fresh water ponds and found attached to plants 1. Green Hydras have tentacles that can sting, they do this by shooting how a barbed arm that stings. 2. Green hydras can also release a chemical when they sting, these stinging organelles are called cnidae or nematocysts 3.Hydras are related to jelly fish because of there lenticels that have the ability to sting. http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/green_hydra.htm



Daphnia 2. The Daphnia is autotrophic. 3. The Daphnia is found in acidic swamps and freshwater lakes and ponds. The Daphnia live for a lifespan of 29 – 108 days. They use a large set of antennae to propel through the water. Daphnia can be used to test toxins. 4. [| http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphnia]

Euglena Is both an autotroph and Heterotroph Lives in freshwater ponds, puddles, and swimming pools. There is a long, whip like thing on the right side of it. It is a producer and consumer. Without the contractile vacuole it would burst. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euglena http://www.buzzle.com/articles/euglena-facts.html

Stentor Coeruleus Heterotroph Found in fresh water. They get their trumpet shape when they attach themselves to the bottom lakes and ponds. The are amazing swimmers and change shape to swim. It is the easy for microbiologists to study. [] []

1.Volvox 2. Volvox is a autotroph. 3. Volvox are found in fresh water ponds, ditches, and shallow puddles. Each mature volvox colony contains a lot of flagellate cells, around 50,000. Volvox colonies have a front and rear end. Volvox colonies have spheres inside, that are 'daughter' colonies. 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvox#Habitats http://www.buzzle.com/articles/volvox-facts.html

=Yeast Respiration Lab= Factors that affect the rate of respiration in yeast are the sugar amount and temperature.

Dependent Variable: Yeast Independent Variable: Sugar

=Crime Scene DNA activity=

The first two colored lines (blue, green) are wells where Suspect 1's DNA was put. The middle two lines (red, white) are the wells where the crime scene DNA was put. The last two colored lines (yellow, purple) are the wells the have Suspect 2's DNA was in. The blue lines towards the bottom are the DNA fragments.

1. Why do a series of bands appear in the gel? What is true of the DNA fragment band(s) closest to the positive end of the gel (the end opposite the wells)? DNA has a charge as does everything the bands are fragments of DNA they showed up closest to the positive end probably because it has a negative charge.

2. What caused the DNA to migrate through the gel? **The gel migrated because of the Positive charges running through it and the dna is negatively charged.**

3. Would you expect your personal DNA fingerprint to be identical to any of the persons tested in this lab? Explain. **My personal fingerprint would be slightly different cause everyone has their own unique DNA unless they are twins and only most of the DNA in organisms is the same not all of it.**

4. Based on the results of your gel, what evidence do you have to present to the court concerning this murder case? **We have proof from the DNA that enzyme two was exactly the same as the victim.**

5. Could these DNA samples have been distinguished from on another if only enzyme #1 had been used? Why or why not? ** If only the one enzyme had been used then you would not be able to tell who the person who commited the crime was because there would only be one choice. **

=** DNA Spooling Activity **=

1. Where is DNA found? Be specific.
 * DNA is found within the nucleus in the chromosomes. **

2. Is it possible to see and touch DNA? Explain your answer.
 * Yes, it is possible to see and touch DNA with a spindle thing and the right liquids. **

3. What did the DNA look like? Be specific.
 * The DNA resembled mucus. **

4. How did you break down the cell walls within the strawberry?
 * We broke down the cell walls within the strawberry by breaking up the strawberry and straining it through a coffee filter. **

5. Explain how you were able to break down the cell membranes and nuclear membranes within the strawberry. **We were able to breakdown the cell membranes and nuclear membranes within the strawberry because we smashed the strawberry until there were no chunks left.**

6. Explain how the DNA became visible. **The DNA became visible because we broke down the cell and nuclear wall and used a spool to get the DNA out of the beaker.**

7. Is DNA the same in all living organisms? Explain your answer.
 * Only certain parts of the DNA is different in organisms but most of the DNA is repeated in all organisms. **

8. If you wanted to extract DNA from a living person, which cells would you use and why? **If you were to get the DNA from a person you would use a sample from the inside of the cheeks because there is a large amount of DNA in the mucus.**

**Mitosis Lab** **Anaphase, The sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are moved apart.** Telophase, The chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct shapes. Two new nuclear envelopes will form. Intephase, The cell grows and replicates its DNA and centrioles. prophase, The chromatin condenses into chromoses. The centrioles separate, and a spindle begins to form. The nuclear envelope breaks down.

Metaphase, the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. Each chromosome is connected to spindle fibers at its centromere. Cytokinesis, The cytoplasm pinches in half. Each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicate chromosomes.