Jaelene

=I Muscles: = Information from: [|http://en.wikipedia.org/] [|http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Origin] [] = =
 * Vocabulary list:**
 * Tendon -** A tough band of tissue that usually connects muscle to a bone. It is capable of withstanding tension.
 * Ligament -** fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones
 * Origin -** The point of attachment, as the end of the muscle.
 * Insertion -** The point at which a muscle attaches to the skin, a bone, or another muscle.
 * Belly (of muscle) -** The "belly" of the muscle is the thickest part, usually midway beetween the insertion and origin (but it depends on the muscle).
 * Abduction -** A movement which draws a limb away from the center of the body.
 * Adduction -** A motion that pulls a structure or part //towards// the midline of the body.
 * Extension -** A straightening movement that //increases// the angle between body parts.
 * Flexion -** Bending movement that //decreases// the angle between two parts.



1. Move and manipulate the various appendages. Describe their movement. What do you find interesting about each of these?
 * The muscles retract when they aren't being used and the muscle hardens**. **When the muscle contract they are tightened and it tends to be shorter. When I moved the muscles in the crayfish and starfish, I didn't really see anything. The starfish mainly uses suction cups to move. The crayfish uses its tail muscles and leg muscles.**

2. Where do the muscles attach to the bone?
 * Tendons attach the muscles to the bone. The muscle connects to the tendon and that connects to the bone.**

3. How does where they attach determine the movement of the appendage?
 * The location of where the muscle attaches is very important. This determines how far your muscle can reach and stretch. This limits how far your muscle can go.**

4. What are some of the differences between the muscle and the tissue where the muscle attaches to the bone?
 * The tendon is very fibrous, whereas the** **muscle is made up of filaments and is very flexible. The tendons help the muscles move.**

5. Are there differences in the ways different muscles attach within the same organism?
 * Yes, some of the muscle attach at different angles and wrap under each other. This allows you to move differently.**

6. How are the attachments of the muscles similar and different among all the organisms including human muscles?
 * All the muscles in the pig are similar to that of humans, but the crayfish and starfish are somewhat different. The starfish will use its entire body to move because of all the suction cups. The crayfish have a tail and there legs to move. They have an exoskeleton and the muscles attach differently.**

7. What composes the tissue that connects the muscle to bone?
 * The tendon is composed of** **collagen fibers and filaments. It contains some water and elastin**

__Additional Question__
 * //Question://** How are fetal pigs so similar to humans?
 * //Answer://** These animals are mammals, so they have all the same parts as a human does. The muscles are the same as human muscles, but in slightly different areas. The pig also has the same abdominal and thoracic organs. A few small differences occur there also, but they are minor.

Source: [|http://www.goshen.edu/bio/pigbook/humanpigcomparison.html]

1. Organism: Give an example of a simple structure/function relationship pertaining to the human body. The structure/function relationship should be visible from the outside of the body (don’t use parts that are on the inside). Be sure your explanation includes a discussion of the structure, function, and the relationship between the two.
 * VI. Additional pig anatomy **
 * Fingernails are a structure on the human body. Pigs have toenails on there feet to dig the ground up and to get a better grip. We have fingernails for the same reasons, but we just don't tend to use them those ways.**

2. Organ System: Pick a human organ system. Describe what role it plays in maintaining homeostasis. Also describe how it works with at least 2 other systems. (For example, the excretory system works closely with the circulatory system. The circulatory system brings blood to the kidneys, which are the main organ of the excretory system. The kidneys filter the blood, creating urea, which is then combined with water to create urine. The urine is then released form the body.)
 * The human circulatory system pumps the blood through the body. When you exercise, your heart pumps faster because you need more oxygen and blood. This is your heart trying to maintain homeostasis.The circulatory system deals with the excretory system and the digestive** **system**. **The blood goes to the excretory system and then the kidneys create urine and then it is mixed with water.** **Blood goes to the stomach and then carries nutrients throughout the body.**

3. Organ: Pick an organ within your organ system from above. What is this organ’s specific function? How does its structure relate to its function? Be sure your explanation includes a discussion of the structure, function, and the relationship between the two.
 * The heart pumps the blood that is vital to the body. The blood transports oxygen and nutrients. The heart has many ventricles that send the blood into different areas of the body. The pig has a similar heart to the humans.**

4. Tissue: Discuss the tissues that make up your organ mentioned above. How do they work together? Which of the 4 types of tissues are present? (epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle)
 * The heart is made up of 3 layers of cardiac muscle: epicardium, myocardium and endocardium. It is made up of nerve tissue and blood tissue also.**

5. How are the cells of the above organ/tissue specialized (again, relating structure and function). What is the size/shape of the cell? Are there any special organelles? Are any organelles present in larger quantities?


 * Striated Muscle tissues make up the heart muscle layers and the heart itself.** **The heart cells will have more mitochondria because it is constantly working and never has a break.**