Cells

flat =Are fruits and vegetables really made of cells?=

**Requirements:**
 * Design and carry out an exercise to determine if a given fruit or vegetable is composed of cells (choose from apple, pear, potato, celery, banana, squash, tomato, turnip, radish, and cucumber.)
 * Decide what materials, procedures, and evidence is required in order to determine if the fruit or vegetable is composed of cells.
 * Your choice of fruit or vegetable must be discussed with your teacher before proceeding.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1O7zb4KgI0C7kvi0et-ZIMafsTcE0FbejfMNctO68hr4/edit?hl=en **Assessment:**
 * What do we know and what do we need to know?**



Adapted from: []

=Annotating cell notes= Annotate the following notes: Follow the directions and examples for annotating here: http://mrsmaine.wikispaces.com/Annotating+notes

= = =Cell model= Create a model of the cell out of edible materials. Be sure to bring in your materials to assemble in class. You will have one period to plan and another period to create. Be sure to have a key that explains all the cell parts. Be thorough in your planning as the relationship between cell parts needs to be evident. Be sure you have brought in materials for all the cell parts listed on the rubric.

=Comparing cell parts=

1. nucleus and ribosomes 2. nucleoli and ribosomes 3. nucleus and nucleoli 4. ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum 5. endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies 6. cell membrane and wall 7. chloroplast and chromoplast 8. vacuole and vesicle 9. cytoskeleton and microtubules 10. cilia and flagella 11. centrioles and centromeres 12. centromeres and telomeres

=Cell podcast= Choose the cells and cell processes podcast. It is a download. http://www.punxsy.k12.pa.us/17342078114947570/podcasts/browse.asp?A=399&BMDRN=2000&BCOB=0&C=55108

=Cell size lab= 1. Take a 3 cm X 3 cm X 6 cm agar cube.

2. Cut it into 3 cubes measuring 3cmX3cmX3cm, 2cmX2cmX2cm, and 1cmX1cmX1cm.

3. Place the cubes in your beaker and just cover with sodium hydroxide. Make sure they stay submerged.

4. Let the cubes sit for 10 minutes.

5. While the cubes are soaking fill in the table below under surface area. Calculate surface area by finding the area of one side and then multiplying by the total number of sides. Use the formula: SA = l x w x # sides. Remember a cube has 6 sides.

Example: 5 cm cube SA = 5cm x 5cm x 6 SA = 150 sq cm

6. Calculate the volumes and complete that portion of the table. Show your work. To find a cube's volume, use L x W x H. Example: 5 cm cube V = l x w x h V = 5cm x 5cm x 5cm V = 125 cubic cm

7. Find the surface area to volume ratio and complete the correct column of the table. Divide surface area by volume and reduce to the lowest fraction. Show your work. Use only the number values when calculating. Example: 5cm cube SA/V = 150/125 SA/V = 1.2

8. Remove the cubes after 10 minutes and carefully cut them in half.

9. Measure the amount of diffusion in centimeters and record it in the table (Diffusion depth.)

10. Calculate the rate of diffusion and record in the table. This is calculated by dividing the amount of diffusion by the time (10 minutes). Show your work. Use this formula: R = d/t R=rate of diffusion d=distance t=time

1. Create a table of 6 columns and 4 rows. Column headings are: Cube Size, Area of Cube, Volume of Cube, Surface Area to Volume Ratio, Distance of Diffusion, Rate of Diffusion 2. After measuring and doing your calculations, fill in the chart. If units are needed, place them in the box with the appropriate heading.
 * Data table**

Analysis: 1. Compare and contrast the three cubes after they were sliced in half. 2. Which "cell" seemed to be most and least efficient at getting outside substances into the cell? Explain. 3. Which of your calculations seems to explain what you observed in your cell models? Why do you think so? 4. Speculate on a relationship between cell size and efficiency. Your statement should resemble a hypothesis.


 * Assessment**:




 * Homework**: Create a paragraph(s) answering the following:
 * Paragraph stating original hypothesis and any changes in hypothesis during or at the end. Include observations and what you learned.
 * Discussion of surface area to volume ratios, diffusion depth (mm), diffusion rate (mm/min), and what you learned in comparing the three different cells.
 * Answer the resulting question: Why are cells small? (Hint: focus on the ratio and what that means, think which cell was the best cell, include supporting information from your data using appropriate vocabulary) What does this mean in terms of surface area and volume to the functioning of the cell? Why do some cell organelles have folded membranes and some do not (give examples of each and the roles of the cell organelle - why do some need to have folded membranes inside the organelle)?

=Cell membrane and processes= Go to: @http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/membrane_transport/membrane_transport.htm

Answer the following: 1. Define cellular transport. 2. Draw or paste in a picture of the cell membrane. Click on each part of the diagram to bring up more information about the parts. Take notes about their role in the cell membrane, materials that pass through, etc. 3. What direction is the net movement of molecules across the cell membrane? 4. Define semi-permeable membrane. 5. What is the "aim" of osmosis? 6. Answer the pop up questions #1: Given that the balloons are elastic, will the final concentrations on the two sides be equal? #2: Which balloon will have the higher concentration? 7. What are the three steps by which membrane proteins (transporters) move materials across the membrane? 8. What are the two types of transporters and what are the differences? 9. What is required in active transport to move molecules from a lower to a higher concentration? 10. Describe the Na/K/ATPase pump in relation to nerve conduction.

How do substances move through a membrane? View the different molecules and their passage through: **http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/tdc02_int_membraneweb/**

=Homeostasis lab= Background:

=
Exercise causes many factors of **homeostasis** to kick in to maintain internal equilibrium. How exercise affects some of these factors can be determined by measuring and observing certain conditions of the human body. Brainstorm some of these conditions in your group.=====


 * 1) Perspiration
 * 2) Pulse rate
 * 3) Breathing rate
 * 4) Body temperature
 * 5) Skin color change
 * 6) Blood pressure

1. Devise an experiment that will test the effects of exercise on homeostasis. 2. Before beginning, decide what you will look for in the various conditions you identified above. 3. Exercise should be sustained for at least 8 minutes. Determine when and how you will collect data. 4. Create a data table and graph. 5. Create a conclusion.
 * Activity:**

1. What are the changes that you observed throughout the experiment? 2. How do each of those changes help the body adjust to maintain equilibrium (homeostasis)? 3. What mechanisms are used to maintain body temperature in the body? 4. What is the purpose for an increased respiratory rate and heart rate?
 * Analysis:**

Write a paragraph about the conclusions you can draw about your body's ability to maintain equilibrium (homeostasis.) Be sure to discuss some of the information from your other answers.
 * Homework:**

=Active transport= http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/biolink/j_explorations/ch03expl.htm

Questions: 1. Describe the movement of the molecules in and out of the cell membrane. 2. What happens when you increase the ATP expenditure and the Initial Amino Acid Levels separately? What happens if you increase both at the same time? 3. Why is ATP used to move amino acids across the membrane? 4. What are the large structures that the molecules slide through called? 5. How important is the sodium/potassium pump? (Hint: what is the shift in Na/K responsible for?)

=Cell Transport= In order for cells to survive, they need to get substances in and out of the cell. In the following activities, you will learn about three processes that move materials in and out of the cell. Two of the processes are considered to be passive and are known as osmosis and diffusion. You will also learn about another process that allows substances to enter or leave the cell known as active transport.

Osmosis and Diffusion To learn about the cell transport processes of osmosis and diffusion, click [|here]. Complete the activities in the table of contents following the sequence listed. Concepts 1 thru 8 need to be completed for basic understanding of passive cell transport. Take notes as you study the concepts. 1. Make a glossary of terms with definitions. Include the following terms in your glossary:
 * diffusion
 * osmosis
 * hypotonic
 * hypertonic
 * isotonic
 * solute
 * solvent
 * selectively permeable
 * water potential
 * concentration gradient
 * plasmolysis
 * turgor
 * active transport
 * facilitated diffusion

2. Design of the Experiment - Use from among the materials discussed in the site above to demonstrate diffusion and osmosis. Devise an experiment to show diffusion and osmosis. Discuss your procedure, results (remember it must show data or some type of measurement) and conclusion. You can conduct an experiment from your own idea but be sure to discuss it with your teacher first.

3. Analysis of the Activities: a. Osmosis. Take a photo from that activity to illustrate osmosis. Add at least 2-3 appropriate labels to prove that you understand the process. Write a paragraph at least 3 sentences long to prove that you understand osmosis. b. Diffusion. Include a photo from that activity to illustrate diffusion. Add at least 2-3 appropriate labels to prove that you understand the process. Write a paragraph at least 3 sentences long to prove that you understand diffusion.

4. Active Transport - Another way to get needed materials in or out of cells is known as active transport. To learn about active transport, click [|here]. You should concepts 4 and 5. Take notes as you study concepts 4 and 5.

Questions (Be sure to split up this work and discuss as a group. I should see contributions by many different members of the group); 1. Compare and contrast diffusion and osmosis. You are responsible for discussing at least 3 similarities and or differences. 2. Why are diffusion and osmosis considered to be passive processes? 3. Compare and contrast passive cell transport with active cell transport. You are responsible for discussing at least 3 similarities and/or differences. 4. What question do you still have about cell transport? Do research or design and run an experiment to gather data to answer your question. Write a paragraph or make an outline of what you did and what you discovered. Remember to cite your sources.
 * Assessment:**

In paragraphs, discuss the processes of osmosis and diffusion and provide specific examples from the lab investigation to support your discussion. What best demonstrated the concept to you? Use the part of the lab that best explains the process.
 * Homework:**

=Cell review= Use the review on the following sites: http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/cell_bio.html http://www.biosciguy.com/web_test_files/cell_review_test_files/cell_review_test.htm