DOGWATER+MUSCLES

**I. Muscles: ** **Using the vocab list, find a pair of antagonistic muscles, muscles that provide stability, and a core muscle. ** Muscle list: **Pectoralis **-is a thick, fan- shaped muscle, situated at the chest of the body. **Deltoid **- is the muscle forming rounded contour of the shoulder. **Flexor carpi radialis **- is a muscle of the human forearm that acts to flex and (radial) **abduct ** the hand. **Flexor carpi ulnaris- ** is a muscle of the human forearm that acts to flex and **adduct ** the hand **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Triceps brachii **- is the large muscle on the back of the upper limb of many vertebrates. Its responsible for extension of the elbow joint. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Rectus abdominus **- is a paired muscle running vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the himan abdomen. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Triceps femorus- ** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Semimembranosus- ** The semimembranosus is a muscle in the back of the thigh. It is the most medial of the three hamstring muscles <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Semitendinosus **- The semitendinosus is a muscle in the back of the thigh; it is one of the hamstrings <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Achilles tendon **- The tendon connecting calf muscles to the heel. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Tarsus anticus ** – The small plate of connective tissue that comes before the border of an eyelid. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Tarsus posticus ** – A muscle in the calf of the leg. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Plantar fascia ** – A thick connective tissue that supports the arch of the foot. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Latissimus dorsi ** – A large, flat, dorso-lateral muscle on the trunk, posterior to the arm, and partly covered by the trapezius on its median dorsal region. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Longissimus dorsi ** – The muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrate. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Dorsalis scapulae ** – A blood vessel, which supplies the latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboids, and trapezius. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Coccygeoilicus ** – A muscle of the pelvic wall located posterior to levator ani and anterior to the sacropinous ligament. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Gluteus gastrocnemius ** – A very powerful superficial pennate muscle that is in the back part of the lower leg. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">External oblique ** – The largest and most superficial of the three flat muscles of the lateral anterior abdomen. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Sartorius ** – A long thin muscle that runs down the length of the thigh. Its upper portion forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Vocabulary list: tendon, ligament, origin, insertion, belly (of muscle), abduction, adduction, extension, flexion **
 * Tendon** - A flexible, but inelastic piece of tissue.
 * Ligament** - A band of tissue, usually white and fibrous, serving to connect tissue, hold organs in place, ect.
 * Origin** - The end of a muscle, opposite to the insertion.
 * Insertion** - The point or manner of attachments of a tissue to the bone that it moves.
 * Belly (of muscle)** - The fleshy part of the muscle.
 * Abduction** - The action of a certain muscle in pulling a leg, arm, ect away from the median axis of the body.
 * Adduction** - Drawing toward, as by the action of a muscle.
 * Extension** - The act of extending the muscle or the condition of being extended.
 * Flexion** - The act of bending the joint or the limb.

Question: Why are tendons important to the body? Answer: Tendons are important to the body because they allow movement and reduce tension in the body if kept strong. Source: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-tendons.htm

>> b. The muscles are attached to the bones at a precise location, so the bone will move in the correct order and location.
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Move and manipulate the various appendages. Describe their movement. What do you find interesting about each of these?
 * 2) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">a. When every muscle stretches there is another muscle that retracts it back
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2. Where do the muscles attach to the bone? - Bones are attached to muscle through a tend, which a is a flexible, but inelastic piece of tissue.


 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">3. How does where they attach determine the movement of the appendage? - Where the tendon attaches to the appendage determines the movement by the function of the part of the body that it is attached to. That particular function will tell the tendon how it is suppose to move.
 * 2) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">4. What are some of the differences between the muscle and the tissue where the muscle attaches to the bone? - The differences between muscle and connective tissue is that connective tissue have separated cells, a non-living material that nourishes the cell known as matrix, but muscles are attached to the wall of the organ or anchored to the tendons.
 * 3) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">5. Are there differences in the ways different muscles attach within the same organism? - The ways that muscle attach to the body is through veins and through the cartilage.
 * 4) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">6. How are the attachments of the muscles similar and different among all the organisms including human muscles? - The similarities between the attachments of the muscles are that they all use connective tissue. The differences are that the Cardiac muscle is attached to the heart, the skeletal muscle is attached to the the bones in the body, and the smooth muscle is attached to the internal organs.
 * 5) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">7. What composes the tissue that connects the muscle to bone? - a dense fibrous connective tissue.