Team+Piggy

1. Move and manipulate the various appendages. Describe their movement. What do you find interesting about each of these? 2. Where do the muscles attach to the bone? **Where the organ is** 3. How does where they attach determine the movement of the appendage? **You have the start in the origin. The muscles are then attached to the bone with tendons. These then pull whichever way the origin of the muscle is. Whereas muscles are moved by wherever the brain tells it to be moved** 4. What are some of the differences between the muscle and the tissue where the muscle attaches to the bone? **The tissue where the muscle attaches to the bone is a tendon. A tendon is something that is very strong and rigid where as a muscle is something that is fibrous that can be stretched.** 5. Are there differences in the ways different muscles attach within the same organism? **Yes some of the muscles have different origins this means that they will move differently or at different angles.** =VOCAB= Ligament- Like a tendon however it attaches muscle to muscle Origin- Beginning of something Belly-The underpart of the body which is the same as a humans Abduction- A muscle that draws away Adduction- A muscle that come towards Exstension- A muscle that extends any part of the body Flexion- A muscle who's contraction serves as a limb = = =III. Digestion=
 * I. Muscles: **
 * For the Pig I found that when moving the various muscles the other ones move in an opposing way. For the starfish they could move in any direction any way they wanted to. For they crayfish I noticed all of the muscles were attached to the abdomen. The reason why is this gives them a quick hard stroke to strike something when they are stressed,**
 * 6.** How are the attachments of the muscles similar and different among all the organisms including human muscles? **The way that they are similar in pigs is that they have the same basic muscle movements as us. However the starfish and crayfish don’t. For instance the way that a starfish moves is through there own suction cups not muscles. A crayfish**
 * 7.** What composes the tissue that connects the muscle to bone? **Dermatan sulfate and Chondrotin sulfate**

1. Compare and contrast the various organs and their order through the body. What role does each of them play (function, physical or chemical action?)


 * Crayfish:**
 * First, are the salivary glands that break down the food. The stomach secretes protein-digesting enzymes and strong acids to aid in food digestion. Next, is the intestine. Digested food passes through and absorbs nutrients. Lastly, is the anus. It controls the expulsion of feces. Starfish also have digestive glands.**


 * Starfish:**
 * First, are the salivary glands that break down the food. The stomach secretes protein-digesting enzymes and strong acids to aid in food digestion. Next, is the intestine. Digested food passes through and absorbs nutrients. Lastly, is the anus. It controls the expulsion of feces. Starfish also have digestive glands, sieve plates, rectul cecums, rays, and ring canals.**

2. Which organisms have similar organs in the digestive system? How does that compare to the types of food that they eat?
 * The starfish and the crayfish have similar organs in the digestive system. They are similar because they both eat meat including small animals, while pigs are herbivores.**

3. How is the organ adapted to provide as many reactions as possible in the shortest amount of space?
 * The organ is adapted depending on the environment an organism it is in especially if there is a change in food. The organ must be adapted in order to survive.**

4. How are the same design features found in the parts of the cell as well as in other organisms and the environment?
 * The features are designed in order to respond to other organisms and the environment.**

Savanna Hallman


 * V. Feedback from the environment: **


 * 1) 1. Pig- What particular sensory structures does the organism have? ** Sensory papillae **What particular sensory structures does the organism have? ** It helps the pig to taste **Are there similarities to structures found in the other organisms? ** Yes, some organisms share the same thing but on different parts of the body **

Crayfish- What particular sensory structures does the organism have?
 * Two sets of antennae **What particular sensory structures does the organism have? ** These help the crayfish to touch and feel things **Are there similarities to structures found in the other organisms? ** There are many organisms with antennae that are used as sensory structures **

Starfish- What particular sensory structures does the organism have? ** The tube feet, spines, and pedicellariae found on sea stars are sensitive to touch, while eyespots on the ends of the rays are light sensitive. The tube feet, especially those at the tips of the rays, are also sensitive to chemicals and this sensitivity is used in locating odor sources, such as food. **Are there similarities to structures found in the other organisms? ** Some organisms have to sense things like starfish but not exactly with the same sersors **


 * 1) 2. Pig- How has evolution been part of their survival? ** They have different species that grow to their habitat and get use to the dangers around them. Some have “weapons” to help them defend themselves while others just have to adapt. **
 * 2) 3. Crayfish-How has evolution been part of their survival? ** They have complex eyes that distinguish shape and color. This helps them tell whether something is dangerous or something to eat. They also help them fine homes along with the antennae **
 * 3) 4. Starfish-How has evolution been part of their survival? ** Many starfish are dying because of pollution and waste. They have many characteristics that help them survive in the harsh conditions that they go through in the polluted waters. **


 * 1) 5. Follow the taxonomy of each of the organisms from kingdom to species. ** Pig- Kingdom**-Animalia à **Phylum**-Chordata à **Class-**Mammalia à **Subclass-**Theria à **Infraclass-**Eutheria à **Order**-Artiodactyla à **Family**-Suidae à **Subfamily**-Suinae à **Genus-**Sus ** Crayfish- ** Kingdom-Animalia à **Eumetazoa**-Metazoans à **Bilateria**-bilaterally symmetrical animals à **Protostomia**-protostomes à **Ecdysozoa** à **Phylum Arthropoda**-crustaceans, insects, spiders, and relatives à **Subphylum Crustacea**-crustaceans à **Class Malacostraca**-crabs, krill, pill bugs, shrimp, and relatives à **Subclass**-Eumalacostraca à **Order Decapoda**-crabs, shrimp, and relatives à **Suborder**-Pleocyemata à **Family Cambaridae**-cambarid crayfish and crayfishes à **Genus**-Cambarus ** Starfish- **Kingdom-** echinodermata **** à **** Eumetazoa-asterozoa **** à **** Class-asteroidean **** à **** Subclass-forcipulatida **** à **** Family-asteriidae **** à **** Genus-asterias **** à **** Species-rubens **


 * 1) ** 6. **What are their cousins? What is one of their past ancestors (extinct) of which they share something in common? ** Pig: cousin- boar, ancestor- ** dinohysus
 * Crayfish: cousin-lobster, ancestor- ** antrhopod
 * Starfish: cousin-brittlestar, ancestor-asteriod **


 * Circulating needed materials: **

// Discussion of O2 getting in and out // Pig: A pig takes in the oxygen through its mouth, then into the lungs. Its lungs then converts the oxygen into carbon dioxide when it breathes out just like humans does. Starfish: A starfish gets its oxygen through diffusion that then goes into the tubes of the feet. Crayfish: A crayfish is a water creature that means that they have gills. They get their oxygen from the water.

// Movement of O2 and materials through body // Pig: The oxygen that it breathes in goes into the lungs, and then it is pumped into the pig’s blood stream. Then the blood stream takes the oxygen to the vital organs. Starfish: The oxygen that the starfish goes through is called the vascular system. What happens is that the water is filtered through a series of ducts for other gas exchanges, the removal of waste, and other substances. Crayfish: After getting the oxygen from the water, then through its gills it moves into the blood, and other body fluids because it has a circulatory system.