Team+Persia

= = =flat= = = =**MEMBERS**=

Dylan L **Chris F** **Cullen J** **Levi S**

=Classification of Marine Bacteria= Activity 1 http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100329203226.htm http://www.amnh.org/nationalcenter/infection/01_mic/01_mic.html http://www.pbs.org/opb/intimatestrangers/ http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/microbes/Pages/default.aspx http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/microbes/Pages/default.aspx 1. marine bacteria creates Isoprene gas which produces ozone in the atmosphere 2. Marine microbes are so small that you cannot see them with the naked eye. They have also been around for millions of years and to prove that most oil is composed of marine microbes. 3. Microbes were the very first lifeforms known to exist on Earth. They produce most of Earth's oxygen and are the basis of the food web. 4. They are the foundation of the marine food web because of their ability to transform sunlight into energy and nutrients. 5. Microbes live in and on everything you and I can see. Some can live in searing heat, while others live better in freezing cold. 6. There are new discoveries in marine microbes everyday in finding a way to keep them from causing global warming and other things.

Activity 3 1. Ocean microbes can withstand extreme pressure, cold, and dark to survive. 2. Density is a physical property of matter that is defined as the ratio of an object's mass to its volume. 3. Density is important because when microbes have higher density, they diffuse into cells and accumulate in higher concentration. 4. Microbes help by keeping the ocean clean by eating matter on the ocean floor. 5. Our microbe would be made out of a titanium shell with fiberglass insulation. Then, it would have a LED light bar to see in the dark. The microbe must have a hard shell to withstand the pressure of living in the deepest part of the ocean and it also must have insulation to keep it warm because the deep ocean is very cold. The LED light bar is to illuminate the area where the microbe is living so that it can see to catch food. NICE! 6. The microbe would be living in the very deepest part of the ocean where it is pitch black. It would be moving along the ocean floor, eating algae and other organisms to fulfill its appetite.

http://marinebio.org/Oceans/Deep/ http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=37 http://news.discovery.com/earth/superorganisms-interview-largest-life-plankton-bloom.html

=Monocots and Dicots= http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss8/monocotdicot.html http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/moorea/dicots.html When the squash grew, it grew slower than the alfalfa. The squash took longer to sprout, but once it sprouted, it grew faster than the alfalfa. The alfalfa is very weak, while the squash has a very thick stem. Squash is a dicot, while alfalfa is a monocot.
 * 1. || seeds || leaves || roots || flowers || stems ||
 * Monocots || Embryo with single cotyledon || Veins are parallel || Roots are adventitious || Flower parts in multiples of three || Stem vascular bundles scattered ||
 * Dicots || Embryo with two cotyledons || Veins are rectangular || Roots develop from radicle || Flower parts in multiples of four or five || Stem vascular bundles in a ring ||
 * 2. Pictures and information about: || Squash || Alfalfa ||
 * Seeds || [[image:SQUASH999.jpg width="131" height="99"]] || [[image:ALS999.jpg width="145" height="114"]] ||
 * Leaves || [[image:images.jpg width="134" height="104"]] || [[image:AFL999.jpg width="143" height="102"]] ||
 * Roots || [[image:1012100847.jpg width="138" height="109"]] || [[image:AFR999.jpg width="147" height="110"]] ||

4. Some herbaceous plants that are monocots are wheat, barley, and rice. Meanwhile, grass, palm, and sunflowers are herbaceous dicots. http://www.patentlens.net/daisy/AgroTran/g7/822.html http://regalosdecorazon.cl/IbhsXOs/

5.
 * **Monocot** || **Dicot** ||
 * Palm tree || Oak ||
 * Cattail || Peach tree ||
 * Bamboo || Black Locust ||
 * Sycamore || White Willow ||

6. -Wheat flour is used to make bread, and durum wheat is used to make macaroni and spaghetti, as well other types of pastas.

-Barley is used in the medical field to lower cholesterol, blood sugar, and for digestive problems such as diarrhea. It is also used in the alcohol industry to make beer.

-Rice is used as a food in many different ways as well as a starch in ice cream and puddings. The rice straw is used for animal feed and we later eat the animals.

-Palm trees can be used to make palm wine, which comes from the sap of the palm tree. It also can be used to collect swamp cabbage, known as the heart of the palm trees. It is a vegetable harvested from the inner core of the tree, and when harvested the tree dies. []

-The cattails are easy to harvest, very tasty, and highly nutritious. []

-Bamboo can be eaten, worn, used to build shelter, and boats. []

-Sycamore is used for sawmill and planing mills, furniture, containers, and specialty products [|www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/usda/amwood/267sycam.pdf]

-The distilled water from the oak can be used to ease minor inflammation. []

-Peaches are eaten whole as well as made into jams and preserves to spread onto bread. []

-The Black Locust leaves are used for livestock feed, the flowers are a major part in making honey, and the wood is used for fence posts. []

-White Willow bark contains salicin, which is a chemical similar to aspirin. It appears to be slower than aspirin, but its affects last longer.

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[] [] [] [] [] http://www.shilpaagro.com/rice_uses.php

=MONOCOT=

=DICOT=

=Onion Cell= Onion cell is 74 microns. =Cheek Cell= Cell is 124 microns.

=Potato Cell= Is a potato a living organism? Yes, a potato is a living organism. They have rectangular cells, and this is the same with all fruits and vegetables. Inside the rectangular cell, there is a starch grain. Starch grains are only found in subterranean storage organs such as a sweet potato. Inside, there is a cell wall, which protects the cell membrane and keeps the cell's shape. The cells are packed tightly together, holding the shape of the potato. The size of the potato cell is 71 microns.

A potato has cells that are visible through a microscope. To look at these cells, you must take a little piece of the potato and place it on a slide. To be able to view the cell, you must place dye on the piece of potato you want to look at. After this, you place a cover slide over the potato to push the air out to look at the cell. We put iodine on the potato cell to view it.

To label the cell, we researched a diagram of a potato cell, and then compared our cell to the one on the internet. After this, we labeled our picture so that it had the same parts as the one on the internet. We also had to find what the parts of the potato cell did, so we understood what the starch cells and cell wall were.

=Grape Cell= The grape cell is 95.25 microns.

Is a grape a living organism? Yes, a grape is a living organism. When we looked at the grape under the microscope we found cells. We know that the organism is living because the cells were present.

We cut off a piece of the grape’s skin and placed it on a slide. Then we added a drop of iodine to be able to view the grape’s cells better. We finally added a cover slide to the sample, and viewed it under the microscope. We saw that the grape had the distinct features required to be a living thing, which included cells, plasma cells, collagen etc. We researched what parts of the grape do distinct things, and how to the label the grape.

The cells are rectangular just like all other fruit & vegetable cells. Grape cells have collagen and rectangular fibers. Collagen is responsible for connecting tissue that surrounds the cell keeping everything together, and distributes proteins throughout the plant. Rectangular fibers crosslink to form a fine meshwork, or reticulum. The grape contains acini, which is the cluster of cells found in the grape. The grape also contains plasma cells, which are the grape’s way of fighting off diseases.

=Cell Size Lab=

1. All three cells diffused at similar rates. The 3cm cube and the 2cm cube both experienced .4cm of diffusion. The 1cm cube diffused .5cm, but because it is only 1cm wide, it was was penetrated completely. 2. The 1cm cube was the most efficient because they had a diffusion rate of .05. The 3cm and 2cm wear the least efficient with a diffusion rate of .04. 3. The diffusion rate explains what we observed most because the bigger cubes had a smaller diffusion rate and had the least penetration. The smallest cube had the most diffusion and was completely penetrated. 4. If the cell is smaller, than the more efficient the diffusion rate is.



=Cell Model= =Homeostasis Lab=
 * Cube Size || 1cm || 2cm || 3cm ||
 * Area of Cube || 6 cm squared || 24 cm squared || 54 cm squared ||
 * Volume of Cube || 1 cubic cm || 8 cubic cm || 27 cubic cm ||
 * Surface Area to Volume Ratio || 6:1 || 3:1 || 2:1 ||
 * Distance of Diffusion || .5cm || .4cm || .4cm ||
 * Rate of Diffusion || .05 || .04 || .04 ||

Hypothesis

We think that the amount of exercise and the type of exercise you do with affect your results the most. If you run compared to walking your heart rate and body temperature will be higher. The more you run the harder you breath because your body needs more oxygen. When your body temperature goes up it means that your body is trying to equalize oxygen through your blood, throughout your body.

Lab Questions 1. Dylan’s heart rate went down during the exercise and his blood pressure went up at first and then decreased at the end. Cullen’s heart rate went up at first and then down at the end and his blood pressure went down the whole time of the exercise. 2. Dylan’s heart rate went down because his body mass is less and is physically fit so he didn’t have to have more blood flow to keep equilibrium. Cullen’s heart rate went up because his body mass is more and is not as physically fit which meant the body had to pump more blood to maintain equilibrium. 3. The body uses perspiration and blood flow to maintain the same body temperature because when your body temperature starts to increase you body will start to perspire in order for it to cool the internal structures of the body. 4. Increased respiratory rate and heart rate means the body is trying to get more oxygen and more blood into the body. = OSMOSIS/DIFFUSION LAB = DIFFUSION PROCEDURE To do this experiment you will need a beaker, food coloring, and some water. First, fill the beaker with 500ML of water. Then take a photo so you can see the before and after of the water. Then, add 3 drops of food coloring, blue works best. Then observe how the coloring diffuses and spreads through the water. Take a picture about every 10 minutes to see how much the color spreads. But make sure you do not stir the mixture or you will have to start over.

OSMOSIS PROCEDURE To do this experiment you will need two beakers, salt or sodium chloride, one potato, and something to cut the potatoes in half. First, fill each beaker with 400ML of water. Then, put 3 teaspoons of salt or sodium chloride in one of the beakers and mix it in. make sure the sodium chloride or salt is completely dissolved in the water. After this, you will need to cut the potato in half. Weigh each half of the potato and record the weights and be sure you remember which one is which. Then add one potato to each beaker and wait at least 24 hours and observe your findings. After you remove the potatoes weigh each one and record the weights and discuss your findings with your lab group about what happened.

1. Diffusion mainly occurs in gaseous state or within gas molecules and liquid molecules. The molecules of gases are in constant motion and collide with the membrane. If the membrane is removed the gases will mix because of random velocities.

Osmosis occurs when the medium surrounding the cell has a higher water concentration than the cell, the cell will gain water. At the same time, many important molecules, and particles for growth, also move from one cell to another.

Diffusion is a spontaneous movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.

Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a solution with a high solute concentration, down a solute concentration gradient.

2. Diffusion and osmosis are passive processes because they do not need energy in the form of ATP.

3. There are some similarities between passive cell transport and active cell transport and also some differences. In both of these transports, they move molecules across the cell membrane. Passive transport is different from active transport because passive transport uses chemical energy in the process to move the cell. In passive transport, channel and carrier proteins can be carried out while in active transport, only carrier proteins can be carried out. 4. The question my group still has about cell transport is what is the difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion? These two types of transports are similar in a lot of ways. They are both types of passive transport and they both move molecules across the cell membrane. Just regular diffusion is the movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. No outside energy is needed for diffusion. Facilitated diffusion moves molecules or atoms across a membrane with the help of special carrier proteins. The protein will attach itself to the molecule that needs to go through the membrane and change its shape so the ion channels will let the molecule pass through. These carrier proteins make it easier to diffuse across the cell membrane since an outside energy source is used.

[] [] Click on the link below. Data table for the potato experiment.
 * || Potato with salt || Potato without salt ||
 * Weight before || 34 g || 36 g ||
 * Weight after || 31.6 g || 40.2 g ||

This is the potato that was in the water without salt. It gained mass. This is the potato that was in the water and salt solution. It lost mass while in the solution. =Pond Water= Small group of algae. More algae organisms. One more group of algae.

=Protists= Green Hydra- They are closely related to Jellyfish. They are usually 15 mm long, but can grow up to 30 mm long.They have a sticky body fluid that lets them stick to an object where there is a large food supply. Green Hydra is a autotroph. Daphnia- Daphnia is a type of water flea. The name "daphnia" came from their jerky movement through the water. They are a major food source for different types of fish in many lakes. Daphnia is a Heterotroph. Brown Hydra - The brown hydra can be found in the Northern Hemisphere and parts of Australia. They reproduce asexually by means of budding. Hydras attach to stones, twigs, vegetation, or debris. The brown hydra rarely is found at depths exceeding 1.5 m. When feeding, the fully extended tentacles are very long and may exceed 1 inch (25 mm) in length. In this condition the tentacles are very difficult to see with the naked eye and are revealed when their prey is caught. Hydra capture their food by paralyzing and killing their prey by means of nematocysts, which are discharged into the prey. Their prey is taken in through the mouth, which is star-shaped or circular.

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Volvox http://www.caudata.org/daphnia/ http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/green_hydra.htm

BROWN HYDRA

DAPHNIA

EUGLENA -Heterotroph - Euglena have both plant and animal features, Euglena is one of the few protists that have this feature -Reproduce asexually by Binary Fission -Information found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euglena Photo taken by user Cherng from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hydra.jpg#filelinks. Green Hydra

volvox

Volvox is an autotroph Volvox can be found in ponds, ditches, and even in shallow puddles; it can be eaten by heterotrophs, and produces oxygen because it goes through photosynthesis. The first reported observations of Volvox in 1700 An amazing characteristics of volvox is that volvox colonies have a front and rear end. You may call them a 'north and south pole', since volvox resembles a planet. The eyespots are prominent in the northern region. This makes volvox quite unique. []

caudatum

Caudatum is a heterotroph Paramecium has two nuclei, a large macronucleus and a single compact micronucleus. They cannot survive without the macronucleus. [] =Yeast Respiration Lab= Effects of yeast respiration: Temperature of water, amount of oxygen, amount of time the yeast has to rise. Independent Variable: The sugar solution we used. We had control over the percentage of sugar solution we used. Dependent Variable: How much the yeast caused the bread to rise. This is effected by the sugar solution. =DNA Spooling Lab= 1. Where is DNA found? Be specific. DNA is found in the chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell.

2. Is it possible to see and touch DNA? Explain your answer. Yes because in the spooling lab, we could see and touch the DNA. There were millions of strands of DNA, but we could still see them.

3. What did the DNA look like? Be specific. The DNA looked like clear mucus. When you inserted the spooling rod and twisted it, the DNA grabbed the rod and hung on to it.

4. How did you break down the cell walls within the strawberry? We used homogenating solution to break down the cell walls. We put the solution into a plastic bag, then crushed it until it was the consistency of a smoothie. 5. Explain how you were able to break down the cell membranes and nuclear membranes within the strawberry. By crushing the strawberry and using the solution, we broke down the cell membranes and nuclear membranes.

6. Explain how the DNA became visible. The cold ethanol we used caused the DNA to become visible once they came in contact with each other.

7. Is DNA the same in all living organisms? Explain your answer. DNA is all made of the same bases, A, T, C, and G. However, it is arranged differently, causing it to give different species different characteristics. 8. If you wanted to extract DNA from a living person, which cells would you use and why? We would use the cheek cells to extract DNA from a living person. We would do this because they are easy to obtain and these DNA cells are the same throughout the body. = DNA Crime Scene Lab = Make a sketch of your gel showing the bands of DNA fragments that appeared during the procedure you just completed. Make sure to label each lane with the appropriate DNA sample loaded into the well.



1. Why do a series of bands appear in the gel? What is true of the DNA fragment band(s) closest to the positive end of the gel (the end opposite the wells)? The series of bands appear because the electric current forces the DNA fragments to move from the negative side to the positive side. After they moved, we used blue dye that allowed the DNA to show up in the gel. The bands closest to the positive end were lighter, causing them to get the positive end. 2. What caused the DNA to migrate through the gel? The electricity that circulated through the gel caused the DNA to migrate from the negative current side to the positive current side. 3. Would you expect your personal DNA fingerprint to be identical to any of the persons tested in this lab? Explain. No I would not expect the DNA fingerprint to be identical because every single person has something in their DNA that is unique to them. Relatives can have similar DNA but there could be different protein in the DNA that could change the DNA. 4. Based on the results of your gel, what evidence do you have to present to the court concerning this murder case? Based on the evidence, we have evidence do say that suspect Y: Harold Kaiser is the killer. This is proven because DNA fragment 3 matches DNA fragment 5 and DNA fragment 4 matches DNA fragment 6. This proves that Harold Kaiser is guilty. 5. Could these DNA samples have been distinguished from one another if only enzyme #1 had been used? Why or why not? No they could not have been distinguished from one another because they all look exactly the same in the gel.

= Onion Lab =



Anaphase- the stage of mitosis when chromosomes separate in an eukaryotic cell. Interphase- the cell spends the majority of its time and performs the majority of its purposes including preparation for cell division. Prophase- the chromatin condenses (it becomes shorter and fatter) into a highly ordered structure called a chromosome in which the chromatin becomes visible.



Metaphase-