Part+I+-+Kasey

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**Muscles: **  **Pig- As one muscle moves, the other muscle moves down.**  **Starfish- They have no front or back: they can move in any direction without turning. Rather than using muscles to move their hundreds of tiny legs, starfish use a complex system to move around or cling to rocks.**  **Crayfish- These powerful muscles serve to flex (bend) the abdomen, providing the force for the quick backward thrust of the tail when the crayfish is alarmed. Also observe the two longitudinal bands of the abdominal extensor muscles (elevated with a piece of wood) that run along the dorsal side of the thorax and abdomen. These muscles are used in the weak recovery stroke after the tail has been flexed by the abdominal flexor muscles. **  **Crayfish- Crayfish have an exoskeleton, meaning that their support structure is found on the outside of their body. The skeleton is composed of one large body covering that isbhardened in some places and left flexible in others to allow for movement at joints. Humans have an endoskeleton, meaning that their support structure is found internally. The skeleton is made of hard bones that are held together at the joints by ligaments and muscles. So as of saying crayfish get their muscles from the outside of their body, but they still have muscles.**  **Starfish- Starfish have to have water for their muscles to work, they also need water for their skeleton to work, thats one difference between them, and a similarity is they use their muscles to get them around, such as pulling themselves up, and moving them around, just like humans how they have to use their legs to get around.**  6. What composes the tissue that connects the muscle to bone? **A tendon. **
 * 1) Move and manipulate the various appendages. Describe their movement. What do you find interesting about each of these?** As each part of the leg, arm, etc. moves the muscles move as well. If the leg, are, etc. moves the muscle gets hard just like when you flex your arm or hold your leg up, that's the same with a pigs leg, a crayfish arm, and a starfish arm. **
 * 1) Where do the muscles attach to the bone?** They attach to the origin. **
 * 2) How does where they attach determine the movement of the appendage? **It all starts at the origin, it also starts at the tendon. It will be able to hold the muscle in place. So, then the bone, and tendon connect to each other.** **<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Then those muscles will pull that bone toward the origin, like when you would flex your leg, and or arm. **
 * 3) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What are some of the differences between the muscle and the tissue where the muscle attaches to the bone? **<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Muscles work to move bones the way the brain tells them to. Tendons connect muscles to the bone to make this happen. **
 * 4) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Are there differences in the ways different muscles attach within the same organism?**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Yes. **
 * 5) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">How are the attachments of the muscles similar and different among all the organisms including human muscles**? <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Pig-In almost every case, fetal pigs have the same muscles as humans, with some small variations in the size and location of some muscles related to the fact that pigs are quadrupedal and humans are bipedal. For example, the major chest and abdominal muscles found in humans are present in the pig. There are some differences in the location of chest muscles that attach to the shoulder girdle. In the hind limb, the pig has the same muscles as humans in the major thigh muscle groups: quadriceps femoris and the hamstrings. In the hip, however, there are some differences in the gluteal muscles. **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Q: How thick is a pig's skin? <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">**A: The skin of a pig is so thick that fleas are not interested in biting a pig. Ticks usually are not interested in pigs, although they can get ticks around the face where the skin is a bit thinner. ** http://starpoohonline.com/pigfacts/best_pig_facts18.html

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;"> Tendon: **is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone and is capable of withstanding tension.** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Ligament: **is used to denote any of three types of structures.** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Origin: **is a concept used when describing muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, and blood and lymph vessels.** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Insertion: **the point of des nuts of a tendon or ligament onto the skeleton or other part of the body** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Belly: **longer than the anterior belly, arises on the inferior surface of the skull, from the mastoid notch on the medial surface of the mastoid process of the temporal bone and a deep groove between the mastoid process and the styloid process called the digastric groove.** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Abduction: **is a movement which draws a limb away from the median plane of the body. It is thus opposed to adduction.** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Adduction: **is a movement which brings a part of the anatomy closer to the sagittal plane of the body.** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Extension: **is a movement of a joint that results in increased angle between two bones or body surfaces at a joint.** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Flexion: **is a position that is made possible by the joint angle decreasing.**