GBPO

flat = = = = = = Angellica S. Jenna K. Shaylyn F. Tamera A.

=DNA Electrophoresis Lab= 1. Why do a series of bands appear in the gel? What is true of the DNA fragment band(s) closest to the positive end of the gel (the end opposite the wells)? The DNA is not the same, if they were they would match up directly. 2. What caused the DNA to migrate through the gel? When we shocked the dna, it reacted and moved.The lighter ones are easier to carry, then the heavier ones which means they didn't go as far. 3. Would you expect your personal DNA fingerprint to be identical to any of the persons tested in this lab? Explain. No, everyone's dna is different. Though similar, you would not expect to have the same fingerprint as someone else's. 4. Based on the results of your gel, what evidence do you have to present to the court concerning this murder case? The dna we tested using electricity allowed us to see the DNA strands and thus proves suspect #2 is guilty. 5. Could these DNA samples have been distinguished from on another if only enzyme #1 had been used? Why or why not? No, because you need two dna samples, at least to compare because one suspect's dna matched up with the dna at the crime scene.



=Strawberry DNA Spooling=



1. Where is DNA found? Be specific. Chromosomes

2. Is it possible to see and touch DNA? Explain your answer. Yes, if you have large enough amounts of it, after all, we are doing this lab.

3. What did the DNA look like? Be specific. It looked liked mucus. Almost like someone had a cold and just blew their nose on the little stick thing.

4. How did you break down the cell walls within the strawberry? We soaked it in homogenizing solution, which dissolved the cell wall.

5. Explain how you were able to break down the cell membranes and nuclear membranes within the strawberry. Homogenizing solution broke down the cell wall, allowing us to break down the weaker cell and nuclear membranes when we squished the strawberries.

6. Explain how the DNA became visible. The ethanol helped congeal all the small parts of DNA into one kind of solid mass.

7. Is DNA the same in all living organisms? Explain your answer. No, DNA is not the same in all living things because different species have different amounts of chromosomes and different traits. One gene holds the code to make one specific type of protein and these levels are different all living organisms.

8. If you wanted to extract DNA from a living person, which cells would you use and why? Blood is the easiest source to get because you only require a small prick. You could, however, use skin cells if you didn't require much DNA.

=Pond Water=









=Cell Transport= Vocabulary: Diffusion-the net movement of molecules down their concentration gradient. It can occur in gases, solids, or liquids.

Osmosis-Osmosis is a specialized case of diffusion that involves the passive transport of water.

Hypotonic-in a state of abnormally low tension

Hypertonic-in a state of abnormally high tension

Isotonic-having the same or equal osmotic pressure

Solute-the dissolved matter in a solution; the component of a solution that changes its state

Solvent-a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

selectively permeable-term describing a barrier that allows some chemicals to pass but not others

water potential-water potential is the potential energy of water per unit quantity (mass, volume or weight) relative to pure water in reference conditions

concentration gradient-this exists when a solute is in high concentration in one region, so that it is in lower concentration in another region

plasmolysis-the process in plant cells where the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to the loss of water through osmosis

turgor-main pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant cells and bacteria cells, determined by the water content of the vacuole

active transport-transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient; requires an expenditure of energy

facilitated diffusion-the spontaneous passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane passing through specific transmembrane integral protein

Osmosis
To experiment with osmosis, our group placed carrot sticks in salt solutions of different intensities. We know that osmosis is when molecules move from high concentration to low concentration in water. Salt, being a solute, will draw the water from the carrots' core, pulling it into the salt solution. This happens because the concentration gradient is at its highest in the carrot and lowest in the salt solutions.

Hypothesis: If a carrot is placed in a high concentration salt solution it will lose water, causing its mass to be lower than before the soak.

Procedure: 1. Measure mass of 2 carrot sticks and place them in the 0% salt solution. Repeat for the 5%, 10%, and 15% salt solution. 2. Let sit for 30 minutes. 3. Remove the carrots from the 0% salt solution, pat dry, and measure the mass again. 4. Calculate the difference in mass.


 * || Before || After ||
 * 0% salt solution || [[image:0_%_gbpo.jpg width="131" height="100"]] || [[image:0_%_after_gbpo.jpg width="123" height="99"]] ||
 * 5% salt solution || [[image:5_%_gbpo.jpg width="123" height="96"]] || [[image:5_%_after_gbpo.jpg width="125" height="99"]] ||
 * 10% salt solution || [[image:10_%_gbpo.jpg width="127" height="96"]] || [[image:10_%_after_gbpo.jpg width="130" height="98"]] ||
 * 15% salt solution || [[image:15_%_gbpo.jpg width="128" height="97"]] || [[image:15_%_after_gbpo.jpg width="137" height="103"]] ||

Diffusion
Diffusion is when molecules travel from a high to low concentration. We know that a cell membrane only allows certain things to enter or exit a cell, that is why the membrane is called "semi-permeable". In this experiment, we put a mixture of cornstarch and water inside of some dialysis tubing. This goes into a beaker filled with 1400 mg of water and iodine. Iodine is an indicator for starches, keep that in mind. Because the tubing will not let large molecules like starches through, they will stay inside the tubing but the water particles are small enough to move in and out of the tubing, following the concentration gradient. The water and iodine outside the tubing will move into it because this an example of a hypertonic solution, when there is more outside the "cell" than inside it. The "cell" is trying to balance itself out by pulling in the water, which is why the mixture inside the tubing turns that dark purplish color (which, due to the angle, you cannot see very well). The iodine reacted to the starch inside the tubing, which is how we know this was let into the tubing and the starch was not allowed out, just like what happens during diffusion in a cell.

Hypothesis: If you place a piece of dialysis tubing that contains a starch-rich mixture into a water/iodine mixture the mixture will change color, but nothing will happen to the water outside the tubing.

Procedure: 1. Mix cornstarch and water. 2. Fill beaker with 1400 mg of water and 10 drops of iodine. 3. Fill tubing with cornstarch and water mixture. 4. Place tubing inside beaker. 5. Let sit for 15 minutes. 6. Observe changes.


 * || Before || After ||
 * Beaker 1 || [[image:beaker_1.jpg width="160" height="210"]] || [[image:beaker_1_after.jpg width="278" height="143"]] ||
 * Beaker 2 || [[image:beaker_2.jpg width="163" height="214"]] || [[image:beaker_2_after.jpg width="285" height="147"]] ||

Analysis Questions
1. Compare and contrast diffusion and osmosis. You are responsible for discussing at least 3 similarities and or differences. Differences: Osmosis can only occur in water while diffusion can occur in solids, liquids, or gases; Osmosis moves molecules from higher water concentration to lower water concentration and diffusion moves them from high to low(water may or may not be involved); osmosis can separate solutions of different concentrations while diffusion tries to balance them all. Similarities: Both move molecules with the concentration gradient; neither require energy; both are a type of diffusion, they just affect different mediums.

2. Why are diffusion and osmosis considered to be passive processes? They are considered to be passive processes because neither process expends energy to move the molecules along a membrane.

3. Compare and contrast passive cell transport with active cell transport. You are responsible for discussing at least 3 similarities and/or differences. Differences: Active transport requires energy while passive doesn't; active moves molecules from low concentration to high, and passive moves them from high to low; active transport requires pumps and channels to move molecules while passive doesn't need such advanced proteins and such. Similarities: Both occur within the lipid bilayer; both processes move molecules into or out of a cell

4. What question do you still have about cell transport? Do research or design and run an experiment to gather data to answer your question. We have no further questions to answer.

Resources: @http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Compare_and_contract_active_and_passive_transport @http://www.diffen.com/difference/Diffusion_vs_Osmosis @http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20071125072609AAMERRX

=Homeostasis=

To show how the body tries to keep homeostasis, we had two of our group members (Jenna K. and Tamera A.) jog for four minutes. We then stopped them, measured their pulse, blood pressure, and breathing rate. After that they ran again for another four minutes before they were stopped and the same three vital signs were taken.

1. What are the changes that you observed throughout the experiment? We observed increased pulse, blood pressure, and breathing rate.

2. How do each of those changes help the body adjust to maintain equilibrium (homeostasis)? These changes help the body maintain homeostasis because it keeps the right amount of oxygen and blood going to the muscles and major organs of the body.

3. What mechanisms are used to maintain body temperature in the body? Sweat and heavy breathing are used to maintain body temperature. Which is why we sweat and dogs pant.

4. What is the purpose for an increased respiratory rate and heart rate? The purpose of an increased respiratory rate and heart rate is to supply more of the oxygen and sugars to our muscles. The oxygen and sugars will be made into more energy and power for our bodies to use while exercising.

Pulse

==

Breathing Rate

Blood Pressure =Plant Cell Model=



=Cell Size Membrane=

54 sq. cm || 3x3x3= 27 cubic cm || 54/27= 2/1 || .5 cm || 0.05 cm/minute || 24 sq. cm || 2x2x2= 8 cubic cm || 24/8= 3/1 || .5 cm || 0.05 cm/minute || 6 sq. cm || 1x1x1= 1 cubic cm || 6/1= 6/1 || .5 cm || 0.05 cm/minute ||
 * Cube Size || Area of Cube || Volume of Cube || Surface Area to Volume Ratio || Distance of Diffusion || Rate of Diffusion ||
 * 3cm x 3cm x 3cm || 3x3x6=
 * 2cm x 2cm x 2cm || 2x2x6=
 * 1cm x 1cm x 1cm || 1x1x6=

1. Compare: The 2 and 3 cm both have no color in the middle. All three have small clear rings around the outside.

Contrast: The 1 cm and the other two are different because the smallest has no clear spot in the middle.

2. The most efficient cell is the 1x1x1 cm and the 3x3x3 cm is the least efficient. You can tell because the 1x1x1 cell is completely full of the sodium hydroxide while the larger one has more empty space in the middle.

3. The rate of diffusion because it shows how quickly and how far a cell will absorb something. It also shows that a smaller cell will absorb materials faster.

4. The larger a cell, the less efficient it is. If a cell is smaller it has more points of absorption therefore, it is more efficient than a smaller one.

= = =Are Fruits and Vegetables Made of Cells?=

media type="custom" key="7345745"

=Monocots and Dicots=

the larger veins are thicker and and straighter, then the small to smallest veins kind of snake around. || Most leaves are parallel-veined. || typically number 3, or a multiple of 3 || the sepals, petals or corolla lobes, and other parts, usually number 4, 5, or multiples of 4 or 5 || Seeds- [|Info] Leaves- info Roots- [|Info] [|adventitious root means] [|primary] Flowers-info Stems-[|info]
 * || Monocots || Dicots ||
 * Seeds || The seeds are one single seed such as corn. || The seeds are made of more than one embryo such as brown flax ||
 * Leaves || There leaves are usually net-veined. Which means
 * Roots || Unorganized xylem structure, scattered amongst cells in bundles. Many root hairs Ex; Corn root The root system is adventitious. || Organized xylem structures, bundles are arranged in a ring. Fewer root hairs than a monocot. Ex: Sunflower root The root system is primary and adventitious. ||
 * Flowers || corolla lobes, sepals and other flower parts all
 * Stems || Stem vascular bundles scattered || Stem vascular bundles in a ring ||

orange and yellow mix in color. There is a single flower not multiple pod of flowers || purple and are small. Multiple flowers in a pod. || They are palmate, grow close to the ground and are dark green || They are small green and pinnate. ||
 * || Squash (Dicot) || Alfalfa (Monocot) ||
 * flowers || [[image:flower.jpg]]
 * Leaves || [[image:sqflower.jpg]]
 * Roots || The roots are fragile and white.

|| It has a deep root system and has a main root and little roots that come off of it. || || They are shaped like a peanut with a light coloring. z ||
 * Seeds || The white, slightly tapered ovals with a rounded base.

= =

Dicot Photos 1. These are dicots because veins are arranged around the outside of the stem in rings. = =

Monocot Photos 1. These are monocots because their veins are scattered randomly throughout the stem.



4. Research and list 3-4 examples of herbaceous plants that are monocots and 3-4 herbaceous plants that are dicots. Monocots: Onions, Grass, Orchids [|Info] Dicots: Grapes, Sunflower, Tomato

5. Research and list 3-4 examples of trees that are monocots and 3-4 examples of trees that are dicots. Monocots: Bamboo, Palms, Agave [|Info] Dicots: Magnolia, Willow, Rose, Cactus

6. Monocot Uses: Onions- Used in many dishes. [|Info] Grass- Used to make rugs. info Orchids- Used to make bags. info Bamboo- it is used to make clothes(fiber) [|Info] Palms- Palm tree sap is used to make palm wine [|info] Agave- The pita fiber is used to make paper. [|info for this]

Dicot Uses:
Grapes- People eat grapes and it can be made into wine and juice. [|Info] Sunflower- The oil from the sunflower is made so that it can be used for cooking oil (vegetable oil). This oil can also be made into butter (margarine). [|info for this] Tomato- A fruit, that is served in many different ways. [|Info] Magnolia- Songbirds eat the seeds of the tree and teas are made from its fruit too. [|info for this] Willow- The nectar of this tree is used by bees for pollen and to help them make honey. [|info] Rose- Used for flowers, also has a fruit that can be used for vitamin C. [|Info] Cactus- Can be used as fencing, some cacti bear edible fruit. [|Info] = = = = =Classification of Marine Microoganisms=

1. Microbes significantly impact our global climate. Microbes significantly impact our global climate by recycling elements that are commonly used, such as carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. 2. Marine Microbes are very small and have been around for a long time. Microbes are microscopic, single-celled organisms. There are more than 600,000 microbes on a square-inch of skin. Samples of ancient rocks show evidence of early microbes. These are around 3.5 billion years old. 3. Life on Earth could not exist without microbes. Bacteria are responsible for 20% of the atmosphere's oxygen. Plants also require bacteria to take nitrogen into their veins. 4. Most marine microbes are beneficial. Most marine microbes are used to make everyday items and help plants take up nutrients. 5. Microbes are everywhere. They are extremely abundant and diverse. Microbes exist in almost every environment, including dry deserts and the high pressure of the ocean. The biosphere is filled with many different types of microbes. 6. There are new discoveries every day in the field of microbial oceanography.

1. What characteristics must an ocean microbe have in order to survive? They must have a high buoyant density. 2. What is density? The amount of matter contained by a given volume. 3. Why would density be an important characteristic for ocean microbes? It is an important characteristic because they higher or lower the density is influences how high or low they are found in the ocean. Because of that, it changes the type of environment the microbes are living in. 4. How are ocean microbes beneficial to the environment and life on Earth? They are able to recycle major elements of life (such as Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon). This means they provide us with they fresh (sort of... we aren't counting pollution) air we breathe every day and provide all of the planet's plants and animals with food. 5. Use common materials to design your microbe. What specific characteristics must it have and what materials did you choose to demonstrate those characteristics? (Angellica)- I would use a few different shaped foam blocks (two half-spheres and a cylinder) to create the pill-like shape of the halobacterium salinarium. (tamera)- I would use paper to create the roundabout and curly shape of the elphidium crispum. 6.Describe the environment you live in and the activities you would be doing as your microbe. (Angellica)- I would live in a hypersaline environment-preferably the Dead Sea-and swim around all day. (tamera)- My environment would be rock, I would be made into chalk, a glaze for things such as ceramic.

=Protists= http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Alga_volvox.png 1. volvox 2. Interesting Facts: - found in lagoons, ponds, and ditches - They have a "front and rear end." Their shape is like a sphere. - Easy to see, especially during the summer. - Can reproduce both asexually and sexually. - Their eyes stick out too. 3. [|Source]

Stentor Coeruleus

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Stentor_roeseli_composite_image.jpg 1. It is a heterotroph. 2. Interesting Facts - Found in freshwater environments. - They hate light, so they like to live in dark spaces. - Stentors also have cilia horizontally on their body that enables them to swim. - In a process called photodispersal, "reverses the direction of its ciliary beat to change direction and reorient itself." [|Source for Facts]

Euglena 1. It is an autotroph, although it can be a heterotroph. 2. Interesting Facts - Found in quiet ponds and puddles. - If light is not available to them, than they can't photosynthesize (heterotroph or autotroph). - Because of the chloroplasts in its cell, the euglena is green. - The euglena has an eyespot that helps it determine whether there is light or not. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/euglena-facts.html

Daphnia Sp. 1. It is an heterotroph. 2. Interesting Facts - Found in "acidic swamps, freshwater swamps, ponds, streams, and rivers." - They are called water fleas because of its abrupt movements in its swimming. - Used to test for toxins in ecosystems. - Their second set of antennae helps in the Daphnia sp. to jump and to swim. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphnia

Green Hydra 1. It is a heterotroph. 2. Interesting Facts - Found in freshwater. - There is algae living inside them, which actually benefits them too. Also the algae gives the protists their "green color." - When they are born, they grow off their parent. - Related to the jellyfish because of their tentacles. The nematocysts paralyze the prey, but are not harmful to humans. http://www.offwell.free-online.co.uk/hydra.htm http://westborough.ma.schoolwebpages.com/education/components/scrapbook/default.php?sectiondetailid=8467&

=Yeast Respiration Lab=

Factors that affect the rate of respiration in yeast: Temperature Amount of yeast Amount of sugar

Variable Dependent variable: Rate of respiration Independent variable: Amount of sugar



=Mitosis Microscope Lab= This is interphase. This phase is split into three parts. Gap 1(G1) only has the cell functioning normally, Synthesis(S) is when the DNA in the nucleus replicates, and Gap 2(G2) is when the cell grows, centrioles form, and spindle fibers are created.

This is prophase. In prophase, the nuclear membrane disappears and the chromosomes become visible.

This is metaphase. In metaphase, the spindle fibers attach the centrioles to the chromosomes. The centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell and the chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell.

This is anaphase. During anaphase, the chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite ends of the cell by the spindle fibers.

This is telophase. Nuclear membranes reappear around the clumps of chromosomes in telophase.

This is cytokinesis. During cytokinesis the cellular membrane pinches in and splits the cytoplasm in two, thus making two individual cells.

http://www.biologyjunction.com/starfish_dissection2.htm (For Sarah)