Biomolecules

flat =Introduction= All living things are made of and need biomolecules. In order to understand the role they play in our bodies, we need to understand what they are. Each team will research a biomolecule. When you research, look for the composition (what makes it up), characteristics (what all of its kind has in common), uses (purposes or roles) and metabolic processes (how the body uses them) of the materials.

Place your completed document next to the item you researched.

I. Carbohydrates: II. Lipids: III. Proteins: IV: Nucleic Acids: V. Other
 * A. Monosacccharide -
 * B. Disaccharide -
 * C. Polysaccharide -
 * A. saturated-
 * B. unsaturated
 * C. cholesterol
 * A. Body proteins
 * B. enzymes
 * C. amino acids-
 * A. RNA -
 * B. DNA -
 * A. Hormones -
 * B. trace minerals -

Class research (be sure to sign into google docs first): 1st pd: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1SVLG_ipDv-ISJ0fIO6xtayHsrfEn1cIYM0O25Fgjj-Y/edit?hl=en&authkey=CNiRluQG 3rs pd: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XRj9vb6hQbtE9U_2rgI-4dL-c-iB7mexqzVQSNjjUHk/edit?hl=en&authkey=CJKX7toH

Final research documents:

=Annotate notes= Use the following to annotate:

After annotations are done, listen to the biomolecules podcast to answer your questions, identify information you do not know, and add to your annotations. Be sure to view the right podcast (Biomolecules) found here: http://www.punxsy.k12.pa.us/17342078114947570/podcasts/browse.asp?a=399&bmdrn=2000&bcob=0&c=55108#

=Blog post= Explain what is meant by "You are what you eat."

=**Biomolecules in foods**= Identify the biomolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids) in the substances you have been assigned. Follow the directions given in order to determine what biomolecules are in each of the foods.

The compounds your body needs for energy and building materials are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. These compounds are present in the plants and animals you use as food. You will observe the tests for specific compounds and then use those tests to determine the compounds in ordinary foods.
 * Purpose**:

First, hypothesize what compounds you believe would be found in that type of food.
 * Procedure:**

There exists two simple laboratory tests for the two main types of carbohydrates: Simple sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides) and starches (polysaccharides).
 * Testing for Carbohydrates**

1. Simple sugars are tested with Benedicts’s Test: Place 1 dropper full of the food solution to be tested and add 1 dropper full of Benedict’s solution. Heat the tube gently in a water bath for 3 minutes. If simple sugar is present, there will be a color change from blue through green to yellow/orange/red. Actually, an orange precipitate is formed. 2. Starches are tested with the Iodine test: Add 3-5 drops of Iodine to a dropper full of the substance. Do not heat. A color change from orange/brown to blue/black shows the presence of starch.

Add 1 dropper full of Biuret solution to 1 dropper full of the substance. Do not heat. Results may not be immediate and could take 5 minutes. If there is protein, there will be a color change from blue to mauve.
 * Testing for Proteins – Biuret Test**

Add 5 drops of Sudan IV stain to one half dropper of the food substance. Do not heat or shake! Look for a deep red color at the interface of the food substance with the dye. You may need to hold the tube over a piece of white paper.
 * Testing for Fats and Oils – Sudan IV test**

=Biomolecules in Foods activity results= After completing the experimentation, please enter your results below in the form. Be careful to check before submitting as we do not want errors in our results.

media type="custom" key="7768851"

A. Using google spreadsheets: B. Using excel: C. You can also analyze "old school" by looking at the data and averaging yourself, then creating your own graph.
 * Analyze the results of your tests to formulate conclusions using one of the following methods:**
 * View the data: https://spreadsheets.google.com/ccc?key=0AlUSISFTqhaldEZ6MnZkLWF4TWlZNEdjd1pXcVA0Rnc&hl=en&authkey=CN6djI4I
 * **Use File --> copy to make your own spreadsheet**. You will need to log in to your own account.
 * Highlight the parts of the chart you want to analyze. Decide what information you want to include. It is not necessary that everyone analyze the same thing. If you are not looking at all the results, it is easier to delete rows or columns first. Highlight the row or column and then EDIT -> DELETE (row or column).
 * With the parts of the chart highlighted including the headings of the columns, choose INSERT -> GADGET. Decide what type of chart you would like to use. You may need to try more than one. NOTE: The gadget opens near the top of the spreadsheet so you may need to scroll up to find it.
 * If you need to delete the gadget window, use the arrow in the upper right hand corner to scroll down and DELETE GADGET.
 * Use your time. Each person in the group should be playing with a chart. Decide which one you should use or use both if you wish.
 * Help each other out and think as we want you to learn a tool and rely on yourselves. If you get stuck you can ask, but we are not experts on all charts.
 * Save your chart or take a snapshot for use on your wiki page.
 * Download the following spreadsheet: [[file:Biomolecules in foods results.xls]]
 * Double click to open in excel.
 * Highlight the parts that you want to use or delete portions that you don't want. Choose INSERT -> CHART to open the chart menu.
 * Click on a specific category you want to use and double click on a specific type. Use Apple-X to delete charts.
 * Use your time. Each person in the group should be playing with a chart. Decide which one you should use or use both if you wish.
 * Help each other out and think as we want you to learn a tool and rely on yourselves. If you get stuck you can ask, but we are not experts on all charts.
 * Save your chart or take a snapshot for use on your wiki page.

Questions: What kinds of biomolecules are in each of the food substances you tested? Do certain biomolecules have the same catalase reactions? Explain. What other results did you observe in the class that can be used to make a statement of what you have learned?

=**Biomolecule Assessment:**= 5 pts. each for: Answers to questions - 5 pts each:
 * Your chart or graph:**
 * Quality or interesting graph.
 * Graph analyzes well chosen data leading to conclusions.
 * Identifying the biomolecules found in each of the foods/types of foods
 * Discussing the results of the tests to the type of biomolecules identified as well as the catalase test.
 * Statements of what has been learned through the activity/supporting evidence from the activity


 * Biomolecule homework #1:** Keep track of what you eat for three days. Is this normal for you? What other items did you eat you normally wouldn't, etc?

[|(http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/pyramids.html)] []
 * Biomolecule homework #2:** Compare and contrast these two food pyramids. Which one do you like better? Which gives more information? How does your food diary compare to these? What food items do you have more than the recommended servings? Which are less than the recommended servings?

=**Catalase activity**= Perform the following test on the two food substances you were given at the start of lab. General procedure for testing for catalase:
 * Place the material being tested into a clean test tube.(Use one-half of a dropper of the food.)
 * Add 1 dropper of room temperature hydrogen peroxide to the test tube
 * Watch for a reaction. Use a scale of 1-5 to rate the reaction. 1 is very little or no reaction and 5 is a large reaction.
 * Perform the same experiment with the same food using cold hydrogen peroxide.
 * Perform the experiment again with the same food using warm hydrogen peroxide.
 * Use the following google form (catalase activity results) to enter your results. Choose your information carefully before submitting as we cannot take away mistaken data.

=**Catalase activity results**=

media type="custom" key="7768775"

A. Using google spreadsheets: B. Using excel: C. You can also analyze "old school" by looking at the data and averaging yourself, then creating your own graph.
 * Analyze the results of your tests to formulate conclusions using one of the following methods:**
 * View the data: https://spreadsheets.google.com/ccc?key=0AlUSISFTqhaldHd1c0dsOEZNQTc2dUtJeU5XOTJmOFE&hl=en&authkey=CP_Azk0
 * **Under file, choose "Make a copy" and use your copy to make charts. Please do not alter the spreadsheet in the link.** Copy and paste the fields including the column headings onto a new Google spreadsheet or save a copy. You will need to log in to your own account. Do not play with the data on the original spreadsheet.
 * Highlight the parts of the chart you want to analyze. Decide what information you want to include. It is not necessary that everyone analyze the same thing. If you are not looking at all the results, it is easier to delete rows or columns first. Highlight the row or column and then EDIT -> DELETE (row or column).
 * With the parts of the chart highlighted including the headings of the columns, choose INSERT -> GADGET. Decide what type of chart you would like to use. You may need to try more than one. NOTE: The gadget opens near the top of the spreadsheet so you may need to scroll up to find it.
 * If you need to delete the gadget window, use the arrow in the upper right hand corner to scroll down and DELETE GADGET.
 * Use your time. Each person in the group should be playing with a chart. Decide which one you should use or use both if you wish.
 * Help each other out and think as we want you to learn a tool and rely on yourselves. If you get stuck you can ask, but we are not experts on all charts.
 * Save your chart or take a snapshot for use on your wiki page.
 * Download the following spreadsheet: [[file:Catalase lab results.xls]]
 * Double click to open in excel.
 * Highlight the parts that you want to use or delete portions that you don't want. Choose INSERT -> CHART to open the chart menu.
 * Click on a specific category you want to use and double click on a specific type. Use Apple-X to delete charts.
 * Use your time. Each person in the group should be playing with a chart. Decide which one you should use or use both if you wish.
 * Help each other out and think as we want you to learn a tool and rely on yourselves. If you get stuck you can ask, but we are not experts on all charts.
 * Save your chart or take a snapshot for use on your wiki page.


 * On your individual wiki page:**
 * 1) Discuss your results from the activity, discuss your analysis of the activity from the spreadsheet (what did you learn, what was surprising, what connections can you make between temperature and enzyme activity and the presence of catalase in certain foods?)
 * 2) Show the chart that you created.
 * 3) Develop a question about the catalase activity. Create a quality question about enzymes or enzyme action, etc. Either research to find the answer or use available materials to experiment to find the answer. If you research, list your sources. If you experiment, outline your experiment and explain your results.

=Catalase activity Assessment=

Catalase homework: What large group of biomolecules does catalase belong to? What do members of this group have in common? Is it possible to reuse biomolecules like catalase? Explain. What happens to an organism if biomolecules like catalase become useless? Explain

=Biomolecules webquest= A. [|http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/cgi-bin/splitwindow.cgi?top=http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/top2.html&link=http://www.educationusingpowerpoint.org.uk/Animations/rates of reaction.html]
 * Biomolecules Webquest:**
 * 1) Explain how heat affects the rate of reaction.
 * 2) Explain how surface area affects the rate of reaction.
 * 3) Explain how concentration affects the rate of reaction.

B. Go to the following site: []
 * 1) What types of molecules make up enzymes?
 * 2) What determines the function of an enzyme?
 * 3) What is denaturing?
 * 4) Describe how a reaction takes place without an enzyme and then with an enzyme.
 * 5) Explain how you think an enzyme might speed up a reaction.
 * 6) Explain why you think enzymes are so particular about reactions.
 * 7) How is the shape of an enzyme important?
 * 8) Explain how you know an enzyme is reusable.
 * 9) How does heating an enzyme affect its function?
 * 10) Does heating an enzyme always have the same effect when the catalyst needs to act on a substance? Explain.

C. Go to: http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/animations.cfm?id=6&debug=0 []
 * 1) Explain the difference between hydrolysis and condensation (dehydration).
 * 2) Which molecules from our labs undergo these reactions?

D. []
 * 1) What are proteins made of?
 * 2) What chemical process creates the proteins?
 * 3) Describe how proteins are made in detail. Sketch a picture.

E. []


 * 1) Describe step by step how your body breaks down carbohydrates. Make sure to specify the function of each organ during the steps.

F. []
 * 1) How is fat digested? How is this different from carbohydrates? Be sure to discuss the organs, substances, and enzyme responsible.

G. []
 * 1) How do heart attacks occur?

 H.[]

Describe in your own words using any of the images from the above link and draw a picture that describes proteins (do not copy and paste from images): = = =Biomolecules review=
 * 1) Primary structure
 * 2) Secondary structure
 * 3) Tertiary structure
 * 4) Quarternary structure

[]

Directions:
 * Click on the open tab and then "organic molecules"
 * Organize the molecules into their categories by dragging them to the right term
 * Click on the circle and drag it into the circle of the term in which it belongs
 * You can collapse and open the terms by clicking on the triangle
 * Check your answers by clicking on "check answers"

Complete the following review sheet: