John+V

flat Blog: [] = = =About Me= Hi, my name is Jonathan. I love to play football. I also like to go fishing in my free time. I have two pet turtles, a puppy, a cat, fish, and ten chickens. My favorite part of school is Gym class. My best subject in school is Math. Also, I live with my parents and I have an older sister. That is just a little bit of information about me.

=Hawthorn= Leaf Type: Simple Deciduous or Coniferous: Deciduous Crataegus Who is Short and Smooth Who is brother or sister of the Blackthorn Who loves Aphids, Gypsy Moths, and Spider Mites Who feels Small, Sharp, and Weak Who needs Lots of room, Sunlight, and Soil Who gives Fruit, Shade, and Protection Who fears Fire Blight, Inch Worms, and Gypsy Moths Who would like to see Britain again. Who shares Fruit Who is Quick growing Who is a resident of Britain Monogyna
 * Hawthorn
 * The scientific name for a Hawthorn is //Crataegus monogyna//
 * Gypsy Moth, Aphids, and most organisms that would usually stay near a rose
 * Inch-worms, Gypsy Moths, Aphids, and Spider Mites
 * Deciduous
 * The berries can be used to treat high blood pressure, Wood from the hawthorn is good for fire because it burns hot, the wood is also fine grained which makes it good for artists to make delicate carvings.
 * The hawthorn has long, skinny twigs which have thorns on them. These thorns are about one inch long.
 * The hawthorn is not native to Pennsylvania. It is native to Britain.

http://www.gardenguides.com/462-hawthorne-tree.html =Black Walnut= Leaf Type: Compound Leaf Arrangement: Alternate Deciduous or Coniferous: Deciduous
 * Black Walnut
 * The scientific name for Black Walnut is //Juglans nigra//
 * Maggots, Moth Larva
 * Moths, Moth Larva, Small Bugs
 * Deciduous
 * The bark can be used to make tea, The bark can also be made into brown and black dyes
 * The twigs on the Black Walnut are Brown, rough, and they are easily broken.
 * The Black Walnut is native to Pennsylvania, it is found throughout the East side of America and in parts of Europe

Department of Conservation and Natural Resources http://www.gardenguides.com/taxonomy/black-walnut-juglans-nigra/

=Classification of Marine Bacteria= I am Synechococcus A. The key is organized by using two main points. Those two points are Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes. From there the tree breaks down into more exact categories. B. The purpose of the dichotomous key is to classify organisms into exact categories in an organized way. C. The characteristics used in the steps of the dichotomous key were the characteristics of the Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes broken down into more exact groups. D. I am closely related to the Prochlorococcus bacteria. E. I am most different from the Coccolithophore bacteria =**Biomolecules in foods**= Avocado: Hypothesis: I think that protein, simple sugars, starch, and lipids will be present in the avocado. Proteins: There was no presence of proteins in the avocado. The substance remained the original color. Lipids: There is a presence of lipids in the avocado. The substance's interface turned a dark red color and remained dark red. Carbohydrates:
 * Simple sugars: There was no presence of simple sugars in the substance. The substance remained blue.
 * Starch: There was no presence of starch in the substance. This is shown because the substance turned brown/orange but did not turn blue/black

Questions: 1.We tested for lipids, carbohydrates (simple sugars and starch), and proteins.
 * Foods || Simple Sugars || Starch || Fat || Protein ||
 * Avocado || Absent || Absent || Present || Absent ||
 * Banana || Present || Present || Present || Absent ||
 * Onion || Absent || Absent || Present || Absent ||
 * Ground beef || Absent || Absent || Present || Present ||
 * Apple || Present || Absent || Absent || Absent ||
 * Potato || Absent || Present || Present || Absent ||

2. I believe that most biomolecules have the same catalase reactions because most of the people who had a reaction to the catalase had a certain biomolecule in the substance. The substances that did not have that certain biomolecule did not have the same catalase reaction.

3. I observed that some of the substances such as the liver and the cannellini beans had a high catalase reaction but others such as the apple and the onion had very little to no catalase reaction. Also, I observed that not very many of the substances contained protein. =Catalase Activity= When warm peroxide was added to the substance the substance bubbled to the top of the beaker which shows that there is a great presence of catalase shown by the warm peroxide. When room temperature peroxide was added to the avocado the substance bubbled 3/4 of the way to the top of the beaker showing that there is a large amount of catalase shown by the peroxide. When cold peroxide was added by the avocado the substance bubbled up to half of the beaker showing that the catalase reacts the least to the cold peroxide. Questions: 1. My research from this activity showed that if there is any catalase reaction to the substance it will show in the warm hydrogen peroxide. I also found that not all catalase reactions were caused by the same biomolecules. I found this out because both the liver and the avocado have a very high reaction to hydrogen peroxide, but the only biomolecule the liver has present is the protein, and t he only biomolecule the avocado has is the fat. So this shows that the catalase reaction is showed in multiple biomolecules. I learned that different temperatures of hydrogen have a different reaction to catalase. I learned this because cold hydrogen peroxide had a lesser catalase reaction than the warm hydrogen peroxide did.

2.

3. What causes warm peroxide to have a greater catalase reaction? Why do the enzymes react less to cold hydrogen peroxide?

1.Warm peroxide has a greater reaction because the peroxide spreads throughout the substance faster and causes more biomolecules in the substance to become warmer and start to become energized. The heat causes the molecules to move faster and bump into each other more causing them to be able to form a bond quicker. 2. Enzymes react less to cold hydrogen peroxide because warm things make thing move faster and since it is cold peroxide it would be a slower movement. For example, when something such as a cell or an animal becomes cold they move slower, but when that organism becomes warmer it begins to move faster because of an increase of blood flow and movement. The cold hydrogen peroxide would cause the molecules to slow down which would also cause them to bump into each other less often causing the bond to form less often. []

= Food Issues =
 * Topic:** Farm animal mistreatment.

There are many different opinions about farm animal mistreatment throughout the United States. This is because many people believe that animal mistreatment and abuse can lead to unhealthy animals, which can make people sick when they eat the meat. [|This example] shows how the Cal-Maine egg producer abuses and mistreats their birds. This abuse and mistreatment has lead to the recall of over a quarter million eggs due to Salmonella. That is was just an example of poultry abuse, other animals, such as cows, are also abused and mistreated. [|This article] is about a video that undercover investigators recorded at the Conklin Dairy Farms in Ohio where workers were beating cows with crowbars, stabbing them with pitchforks and punching them. Another article [|here] describes the cruel mistreatment of pigs that where being supplied to some of the largest pork producers in America. [|This site] describes many of the different types of abuse and mistreatment that different farm animals go through in their lifetime. That site contains a graphic video of a cow being hung form its back legs and slaughtered at a butchering factory. [|This website] tells about one benefit of animal mistreatment. It talks about how the hormones given to dairy cows allows the cow to produce four times the amount of milk that it would be able to produce naturally. A cow in the wild can only produce 25 gallons of milk per day, the hormones given to dairy cows allows them to produce 100 gallons of milk per day. In my opinion farm animal mistreatment is a terrible thing because when an animal is mistreated that animal can get infections and diseases that can be transferred through the meat into our bodies. Those are some of the reasons why farm animal mistreatment is bad and one reason why farm animal mistreatment is good.

=Chromatography lab=

=
Most plants such as plants A, B, C, and D have the same color pigments. They are green, light green, and then yellow. The different plant is plant H, which has an orange pigment instead of a yellow pigment. Plant A has RF values for pigment 1-.23, pigment 2-.46, and pigment 3-.92. Plant B has RF values for pigment 1-.14, pigment 2-.1, and pigment 3-.071. Plant C has RF values for pigment 1-.33, pigment 2-.56, and pigment 3-.74. Plant D has RF values for pigment 1-.0625, pigment 2-.13, and pigment 3-.14. Finally, Plant H has RF values for pigment 1-.5, pigment 2-.5, and pigment 3-.75. Plant H is different from the other plants because plant H contains an orange pigment for pigment 3 instead of yellow. ======

=Light Intensity Activity= = = Light intensity – Light intensity determines the amount of ATP, or energy, made through photosynthesis because photosynthesis is light dependent.
 * Wavelength || Light Intensity || Number of ATP || Percent of ATP ||
 * 550 || 0 || 0 || 0 ||
 * 550 || 20 || 1 || 1.5% ||
 * 550 || 40 || 1 || 3% ||
 * 550 || 60 || 1 || 4.5% ||
 * 550 || 80 || 1 || 6% ||
 * 550 || 100 || 1 || 7.5% ||
 * 550 || 120 || 1 || 9% ||
 * 550 || 140 || 1 || 10.5% ||
 * 550 || 160 || 1 || 12% ||
 * 550 || 180 || 1 || 13.5% ||
 * 550 || 200 || 1 || 15% ||
 * 750 || 0 || 0 || 0% ||
 * 750 || 20 || 1 || .3% ||
 * 750 || 40 || 1 || .6% ||
 * 750 || 60 || 1 || .9% ||
 * 750 || 80 || 1 || 1.2% ||
 * 750 || 100 || 1 || 1.5% ||
 * 750 || 120 || 1 || 1.8% ||
 * 750 || 140 || 1 || 2.1% ||
 * 750 || 160 || 1 || 2.4% ||
 * 750 || 180 || 1 || 2.7% ||
 * 750 || 200 || 1 || 3% ||

Wavelength and energy – the shorter the wavelength of light the more energy is made, therefore the longer the wavelength the less energy. Max Planck discovered this.

Pigment colors – Pigment colors determine which colors of light energy the plant or autotroph will reflect or absorb. For example, a green plant would reflect green light energy but absorb all other light energies. Wavelength is important for photosynthesis because it determines the amount of energy created in photosynthesis, the shorter the wavelength the more energy. Light intensity is important because photosynthesis needs light in order to create energy and the amount of light determines how much light energy will be created.

I leaned that the maximum amount of ATP is produced when there is a longer wavelength and a very high amount of light intensity. I also learned that the minimum amount of ATP is produced when there is a very short wavelength and no sunlight. Also I learned that after ATP is made it leaves the cell as NADPH. It enters the cell as NADP+ but gets an H added to it during photosynthesis creating NADPH.

= Yeast Respiration Lab =

Very little foam. Little foam and no inflation. An increase of foam and an increase of inflation of the balloon. A large increase of foam and a slight increase of inflation.

The circumference of the balloon at the end of the final check at 24 hours was 15.5cm. The radius at end of the final check at 24 hours was 2.468cm. The volume of the inflated balloon is 121.48ml**3**
 * Time || Percent of sugar solution || Amount of bubbles || Inflation of the balloon ||
 * 0 min || 7 || None || None ||
 * 10 min || 7 || Very little || Very litte ||
 * 20 min || 7 || Large amount || Little amount ||
 * 24 hours || 7 || None || A medium amount ||


 * 1. **** I found that the 10% sugar solution created the best bread, but it created the least amount of inflation in the balloon. I also found that the 10% caused the most inflation in the balloon. **
 * 3.** Yeast like warm water with high concentrations of sugar. We found this because in hot water the yeast will die but in cold water they will not react. Also, the higher the amount of sugar solution the more foam was created.
 * 4.** The amount of rising in a balloon increased with the % of sugar solution. The 3% made less then the 5%, the 5% made less then the 7% and so on. This shows that the 10% would have the most inflation and that the higher the concentration of sugar the greater the inflation.
 * 5.** The yeast carried out an anaerobic respiration in this experiment because we did not supply the yeast with any oxygen.

=DNA Replication Model=

The first stage of DNA is when the DNA is still in its normal form and is a helix.

This is the second stage of DNA replication. This is the stage where DNA unwinds from its helix shape to a straight band of DNA.

This is the third stage of DNA replication. In this stage the DNA Binding Proteins (purple oval) start to unbind the DNA and the Helicase (blue rectangle) enzyme goes through and separates these bands.

This is the fourth stage of DNA replication. In this stage DNA continues to unwind farther but now the two strands that are being separated are now being made into 2 separate strands of DNA. The leading strand (top) starts from the right side of the DNA and the lagging strand (bottom) is supposed to start rebuilding from the left side of the DNA strand.

This is the fifth and final stage of DNA replication. In this stage the DNA Helicase and the Binding Proteins continue to separate and unbind the DNA until two single strands of DNA are completed.

DNA replication occurs in the Synthesis stage of mitosis. KEY: A=Adenine T=Thymine C=Cytosine G=Guanine Purple oval=Binding proteins Light blue rectangle=DNA Helicase Red oval=Primase Blue Rectangle=Polymerase Bases=A, T, C, G Black lines on top and bottom of bases=DNA backbones. =TRAITS= 1.At Mountain Brook Junior High they tested to see how many students have colorblindness. Out of a total of 21 students only five are colorblind which is the recessive trait. The other 16 students have the dominant trait of being able to see normally without colorblindness. At Manalapan Englishtown Middle School they tested to see how many out of 67 students had the recessive trait white forelock. Out of a total of 67 students only one student had white forelock.

2.What type of mutation would cause a person to get white forelock? White forelock is also known as Waardenburg Syndrome types 1 and 3. The strange thing about this is that Waardenburg Syndrome types 1 and 3 are only caused by mutations. Type 1 is caused by a mutation in a heterozygous gene and type 3 is caused by mutations in either a heterozygous or a homozygous gene.

What causes color blindness? Color blindness is caused by a problem on the sex linked chromosomes (pair 23.) It generally occurs in the X chromosome but is generally found in men. 3.Out of a total of 11 girls 7 have a long second toe, this means that 4 don’t have a long second toe. Out of a total of 13 boys 7 have a long second toe, this also means that 6 do not have a long second toe. This shows that having a second toe that is longer then your big toe is dominant. Out of a total of 11 girls 8 show no long palmar muscle. This means that 3 of the girls did show a long palmar muscle. Also, out of 13 boys 9 did not show the long palmar muscle but 4 did. This shows that showing no long palmar muscle is dominant. 4.I show the long palmar muscle which means I have the recessive. This would mean that my genotype for this gene would be ll. My father does not show the long palmar muscle which means that he contains the dominant trait, this means that his genotype would be Ll since I inherited ll and his phenotype would be non visible plmar muscle. My mother does show the long palmar muscle which means that she contains the recessive trait and her genotype would be ll and her phenotype would be a visible long palmar muscle. My sister does not show the long palmer muscle, which means her genotype would be LL or Ll and pheno would be not visible.

= Genetic Issues = I believe that synthetic cells are a good idea. Even though synthetic cells are a good idea there are some things such as how they would react to a common cold or a common disease in a human body. Another thing that should be taken into consider when thinking about synthetic cells is the fact that a synthetic cell is made of multiple bases and in one instance the scientists got a 10 base sequence wrong which caused the process to be set back for months. Finally, instead of being able to change every base in the cell at the same time each base must be changed individually.

Another problem with synthetic cells is the price of them. Normal people with a disease that the synthetic cells could cure are not always assured to get these cells because insurances do not cover the price of these cells. Synthetic cells could be helpful because they could speed up the process of making vaccines for diseases that change all the time such as HIV and AIDS. Synthetic cells are a good way to save many lives by curing common diseases and by helping people deal with many advanced diseases that could cause death.