Garrett+H.

=__ **About Me** __= I'm Garrett Cole Hoffman I like to swim, play soccer, listen to music, and hang out with friends. I'm in standard biology and I'm a freshman. I'm fifteen years old and I have two pets. Both of my pets are cats one is a female, Sheena and the other is a male, Gabe. I have three sisters and one brother. My favorite color is green and I live out of town and on a farm but we have no farm animals yet. My top three favorite movies are The Reaping, Alice in Wonderland, and Milk.

=__ My Leaf Information __= My leaf's name is Paper Birch. Its scientific name is Betula Papyrifera Marshall This tree has few organisms that infect it but one of them is a beetle called Bronze birch borer (Agrilus Anxuis) it effects the tree by boring straight into the vascular layer and interrupting the flow of sap. The other organism that infects the tree is called Fenusa Pusilla. It causes brown spots on the leaf and may disfigure the tree. The Paper Birch provides Medicine by drinking its sap. Hundreds of confederate soldiers were saved by using birch bark for food. Native Americans use Birch dust in tea and the Paper Birch is a nut-bearing tree. The Paper Birch is found in woods and roadsides and it is a animal shelter/food supply during the winter. Related trees to the Paper Birch is the Yellow Birch, River Birch, and Sweet Birch. They are related by having single stemmed trees, some may be clumped having 3-5 stems, they have yellow leaves in the Fall, and White Bark. The Paper Birch is used for Cradles, Baskets, Canoes, Roofing Pit Houses, Bows, Spoons, and Toothpicks. Twig Characteristics of the Paper Birch are slightly drooping or horizontal. The tree is mostly found in North America and Canada, also in PA.

=__**Food and Fiber**__=


 * Millet **

· Millet is a major crop in many countries mainly in Africa and the Indian subcontinent.

· Hunzas are people that live in the Himalayan foothills, they used Millet as a cereal, in soups, and for making a dense, whole grain bread called chapatti. In India roti are often made from millet flour and used as the basis for meals. In Eastern Europe millet is used in Porridge and Kasha, or is fermented into a beverage. In Africa it is used to make bread, as baby food, and as uji, a thin gruel used as breakfast porridge. In some countries it is used as a stuffing ingredient for cabbage rolls.

· Millet is shown to have great aptitude and versatility and more and more uses for millet are being discovered every year, including its potential benefits in the American diet. Millet is superior feed for poultry, swine, fish, and livestock and, is being proven, for humans as well.

= __DNA Replication__ =



** Step One: **
DNA is in the form of a chromosome. A human cell has 25 pairs of chromosomes and 46 chromosomes all together. Chromosomes are made up of DNA. DNA is what makes up the body and makes every body different.



Step Two:
The DNA unwinds separating the two bases that are made of nitrogenous base. The center of the Helix are bonds that make up genes.



**Step Three:**
The Helix is separated down the center to make a template and the new Helix strand forms and the specific base type connects to the hydrogen bond forming a new strand of DNA.



Step Four:
DNA Replication is complete and the process repeats.

=__Vocabulary:__=

1) Telomeres- Long stretches at the ends of the chromosomes.

2) Okazaki Fragments- The newly synthesized DNA beginning stage when the replication fork is moving towards the end.

3) DNA Ligase- Any of a class of enzymes that catalyse the formation of covalent bond and repairs biomolecules.

4) Telomerase- Reveres transcriptase, synthesizing DNA from an RNA template.

5) Cancer- Arise from somatic cells unlike regular somatic cells they have the ability to divide indefinitely and are able to prevent further shortening of their telomeres.

6) Transplanted Cells- Removes cells from the patient and transforms them with the gene for the product that the patient has been unable to synthesize and return them to the patient.

7) Cloning- A nucleus is taken from a cell that has been growing in culture.

8) Aging- Shortened telomeres depend the length of time the cells spent in culture.