Team+5

flat =Members=

J Burkett H Giavedoni D White

=Classification of Marine Bacteria= Find information that supports the following statements: 1. Microbes significantly impact our global climate. There are more than 5 trillion microbes on Earth. They keep and let go carbon dioxide a lot more than animals and p lants. If they are near a certain organic material, they change the clouds. explain change the clouds http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=117323
 * Activity 1: **
 * Background information**

2. Marine microbes are very small and have been around for a long time. Marine microbes are not visible to the naked eye and have been around for 50-90% of Earth’s existence. []

3. Life on Earth could not exist without microbes. We need microbes to stay on Earth for us to survive. Without microbes we wouldn’t be able to breath or eat. [|http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol2005.htm] 4. Most marine microbes are beneficial. Many people fear microbes and think they will make them sick. There are a lot of beneficial things that come from microbes though, such as, a drug that could be anti-cancer. An organism that grows on Coral Reefs could be the solution. []

5. Microbes are everywhere. They are extremely abundant and diverse. Microbes are becoming more and more varied. There are many in the ocean that scientists are still discovering. Microbes exist all over the world. [] []

6. There are new discoveries every day in the field of microbial oceanography. x

Activity 3
1. What characteristics must an ocean microbe have in order to survive? Water Nutrients and the right level of salt in the water to survive

2. What is density? Mass that is packed together closely and tightly.

3. Why would density be an important characteristic for ocean microbes? Because it would impact there living arrangements where they live in the column of water

4. How are ocean microbes beneficial to the environment and life on Earth? They are beneficial because they keep everything balanced in the ocean

5. Use common materials to design your microbe. What specific characteristics must it have and what materials did you choose to demonstrate those characteristics? We would use string and some sort of ball to rap it around and probably some other smaller one to represent how it likes to be around other microbes of its kind. what density does it need 6. Describe what your environment looks like and the activities you would be doing as your microbe. My environment is the ocean and it would have other marine microbes and fish around me. Coral and other sea plants would be at the bottom of the ocean floor. I would be eating and moving around.

=Monocots and Dicots= (Jaelene)
 * Monocots || Dicots ||
 * Embryo with single cotyledon || Embryo with two cotelydon ||
 * Leaf veins parallel || Leaf veins interlaced ||
 * Stems vascular bundles are spread || Stem vascular bundles are in a circle ||
 * Roots are fibrous || Roots are at the core of the plant ||
 * Flowers are in multiples of 3 || Flowers are in multiplies of 4 or 5 ||

[]
(Heather and Jaelene)
 * 1) ** Herbaceous plants ** : Research and list 3-4 examples of herbaceous plants that are monocots and 3-4 herbaceous plants that are dicots.

Dicots: Carrots, Mint, Petunia, Snapdragon Monocots: Cana, Bearded Iris, Gladiolus, Red Yucca Resources: [] [|www.ucjeps.berkeley.edu/moorea/dicots2.html] [|http://www.diffen.com/difference/Dicot_vs_Monocot] [] [] Carrots and mint are used in the culinary field. Mint is also used in cosmetics and medicinal uses.


 * 1) ** Woody plants ** : Research and list 3-4 examples of trees that are monocots and 3-4 examples of trees that are dicots.(Perhaps a chart would be a way of organizing this information)

Dicots: Oak, Maple, and Honey Locust Monocots: Palm, Bamboo, and Banana Trees Bamboo can be made into fiber to make clothes and construction. Bamboo also edible for both people and animals. Palms could be used for roofs. The banana tree produces food for people and animals. Palm trees also produce coconuts. [] []

(Jaelene) This slide is of a monocotyledon. They are in the form of a ring and the vascular bundles are dispersed among the plant.

The vascular bundles are in a ring form too but the difference is they are in a circle as a whole. Most of the xylem and phloem are in a line and they are being separated some.

The xylem transports water to the plant and the phloem carries nutrients and glucose to the plant.

(Jaelene) The seed is fat and short. It has many uses in cooking. It is a very nutritional food. Picture by Me ||
 * Pictures: || Squash || Rye ||
 * Seed || [[image:Squash.Seed.Team_5._.jpg width="125" height="95"]]

They are in the shape of a teardrop and very small. www.science.howstuffworks.com ||
 * Leaves || [[image:Picture_by_Valerie_Everett.jpg width="204" height="155"]]

This is a dicot because it has 5 petals. Picture by Valerie Everett on Flickr ||

||
 * Roots || [[image:SKinnySquash.Team5.jpg width="220" height="166"]]

Fibrous Roots Picture By Me. ||

Fibrous Root Picture by Milkwooders on Flickr || Our Squash took a little while to sprout but it grew quite fast. I think I didn't water it enough because other people's squash grew quite a lot. Our rye didn't grow at all so we had to find our pictures online. Nobody had the rye grow. Squash is a dicot and Rye is a monocot. =Food and Fiber System=

rye (Jaelene B) 1. Where is it found? Turkey, mostly Central and Eastern parts, USA, and almost anywhere in central and northern Europe. []

2. What is it used for? Flour, cereals, and a replacement for wheat in winter. When conditions are too cold for wheat, people plant rye.[| http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye]

3. Is it good for the environment? Rye residue, which stays at the soil surface, can possibly alter the physical and chemical environment throughout seed germination and plant development. []

4. Is it healthy? (food)…Is it easy to care for? (fiber) Rye contains twice as much minerals and vitamins as whole-wheat flour. It has, though, almost the same nutritional value as whole-wheat bread. []

5. Economical and Commercial use. What else do use it for? Rye is used to create rye beer, whiskeys, and certain vodkas. Rye can be used to cover grass in the fall. People do this to keep their yard green and healthy. Rye is predominantly grown in Europe; therefore, it is a valuable supply. The suppliers that sell this to overseas countries or businesses in the local region, will prosper because they are the main provider. []

6. Obtained? Lengthy Process? Rye must be harvested as soon as it is ready. If the grain is not gathered when fully developed, the most important part, the kernel, will fall off. Rye can be easily collected and threshed in one function with a combine. If a person chooses to harvest them and then separate the kernels, it will take be two processes. []

Wheat (Jaelene B) 1. Where is it found? Wheat is heavily produced in China and Europe. It is also found in the United States. []

2. What is it used for? Its used in food and to make flour. Wheat is also used as food for livestock. []

3. Is it good for the environment? Yes, wheat is good for the environment. []

4. Is it healthy? (food) Whole wheat is healthy for us but if flour is bleached it isn’t very good for you. [] 5. Is it easy to care for? (fiber) Wheat isn’t a fiber but its easy to store. In order to keep wheat, you have to constantly take care of the land. []

6. Economic/ commercial uses? Wheat is used for trade and food along with baskets and baking. The straw from the plant can be used in roofing thatch. []

7. How is it obtained? Wheat is harvested and either ground for flour, sold as a grain, or used to make food. []

cotton, (Heather Giavedoni) 1. Where is it found? Cotton fields are usually found in The South United States. 2. What is it used for? Cotton is used for most clothes, its also used for cotton paper, yarn, twine, fish nets, book binding, and coffee filters. 3. Is it good for the environment? Yes cotton is good for the environment. 4. Is it healthy? (food) You can’t eat cotton. 5. Is it easy to care for? (fiber) Yes cotton is very easy to care for. 6. Economic/ commercial uses? Its used by making clothes and other essentials we also trade cotton. 7. How is it obtained? Cotton is obtained by picking from the cotton plants when it is ready to be harvested [|www.wikipedia.com] search cotton = Cells =

(Heather) Cheek Cells <--

There are 7 cells across the field of view when looking in the lens. That would be 53.57 microns.

Onion Cell <--

The size is 75 microns in high power.

Zucchini <

There are 9 cells that go across the field of view. This equals 41.6667 microns on high power.

Cucumber Cell <- There were 4 cells going across our field of view. This equals 93.75 microns on high power.

Are fruits and vegetables really made of cells?

Yes they are, because we can see parts of the cells under a microscope. When we put the zucchini under a microscope lens we could see multiple cells and could distinguish certain parts of it (picture above). We can see the darker part where the nucleus would be and the outer circle or edge of the cell that is the membrane and wall. We looked up how to identify plant and animal cells and their differences. After we took a picture of all the cells, we labeled the cell membrane, nucleus, cell wall, and cytoplasm.

=Edible Cell= == Key: Cell Wall --Three Twizzlers Cell Membrane -- Two Twizzlers Nucleus -- White Giant Jellies Mitochondria -- Orange Gushers Chloroplasts -- Green Gushers Golgi Body -- Red Icing Rough ER -- Orange Jellies on Red Icing Smooth ER -- Red Icing Ribosomes -- Sprinkles Vacuole -- Blue Icing Gel Nuclear Membrane -- Yellow Icing Cytoplasm -- Rice Krispies Nucleus -- Green Jelly Lysosomes -- Purple Jellies Cytoskeleton -- Green Icing Chromatin -- Blur Sprinkles in and around nucleus.

=Cell Size Lab=

2:1 || 5/20 = .25 || 3:1 || 5/20 = .25 || 6:1 || 5/20 = .25 ||
 * Cube Size || Surface Area || Volume of Cube || Surface Area to Volume Ratio || Rate Diffusion ||
 * 3x3x3 || 3x3x6 = 54cm2 || 3x3x3 = 27 cubic cm || 54/27 = 2
 * 2x2x2 || 2x2x6 = 24cm2 || 2x2x2 = 8 cubic cm || 24/8 = 3
 * 1x1x1 || 1x1x6 = 6cm2 || 1x1x1 = 1 cubic cm || 6/1 = 6

Analysis
 * 1) Each of the cubes has the same rate of diffusion. They are all different sizes but since they are the same substance, they were supposed to only absorb 5 mm of liquid.
 * 2) The small cube seemed to be more efficient because it soaked up the Phenolphthalein completely. In our lab, all of the cubes soaked the indicator up completely but they should have only absorbed some.
 * 3) I would say that the rate of diffusion did because it shows how much of the cube absorbed the indicator.
 * 4) The smaller one was more efficient because it has less room and 5mm is the half of it, whereas the larger cubes are more than 5mm of area.

=Homeostasis Lab=

For our lab we each ran up and down stairs for our exercise. We did a comparison to see the difference with two different people. (Heather) ||  || 136 || Fine, Regular || Regular || 106/64 || (Jaelene) || None || 96 || Regular || Regular || 114/81 ||
 * || Perspiration || Pulse Rate || Breathing Rate || Skin Color || Blood Pressure ||
 * Before
 * After 2 mins || Somewhat || 138 || Somewhat Heavy || Flushed || 100/50 ||
 * After 4 mins || Quite a Bit || 126 || Heavy || Red || 87/60 ||
 * Before
 * After 2 mins || A Little || 149 || Somewhat Heavy || Red || 136/94 ||
 * After 4 mins || quite a lot || 91 || Heavy || Red || 147/112 ||

Graph Key:

 * || Jaelene ||
 * Before || Green ||
 * After 2 mins || Red ||
 * After 4 mins || Blue ||


 * || Heather ||
 * Before || Purple ||
 * After 2 mins || Yellow ||
 * After 4 mins || Silver ||

In order for our bodies to maintain stability, they have to change when we exercise. We had to breathe heavier to supple more oxygen and sweat to cool off. Our pulse rose to pump more blood to our body and our skin color changed because we were warm and more blood was pumping through us.
 * Conclusion **

** Analysis **
1. What are the changes that you observed throughout the experiment?

We saw a difference in our breathing rate, skin color, heart rate, blood pressure, and pulse. All of these variables increased steadily.

2. How do each of those changes help the body adjust to maintain equilibrium (homeostasis)?

Our bodies change when we exercise because it needs to maintain equilibrium. We sweat to cool off our bodies, breathe more to give more oxygen, and change color because there is more blood pumping through us. The endocrine system controls heart rate and the endocrine system controls breathing

3. What mechanisms are used to maintain body temperature in the body?

Thermoregulation is involved. This process allows animals to maintain a constant body temperature even though the environment around them is different.

4. What is the purpose for an increased respiratory rate and heart rate?

The increased respiratory rate is due to supply our body with more oxygen because there is more blood being pumped through muscles because of the increased heart rate.

=Cell Transport Lab=
 * Diffusion-the passive movement of molecules or particles from regions of higher to lower concentration


 * Osmosis- a process in which molecules of a solvent pass through a semi-permeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one thus equalizing the concentrations on each side


 * Hypotonic- having a lower osmosis pressure than a particular fluid typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid


 * Hypertonic- having a higher osmosis pressure than a particular fluid typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid


 * Isotonic- has the same osmosis pressure as another fluid


 * Solute- the minor component in a solution dissolved in the solvent


 * Solvent- able to dissolve other substances


 * Selectively permeable- only allows certain molecules or ions through the membrane

---A gradual change in the concentration of solutes in a solution as a function of distance through a solution. > ---The shrinking of protoplasm away from the cell wall of a plant or bacterium due to water loss form osmosis, thereby resulting in gaps between the cell wall and the cell membrane. > --- The rigid or fullness state of a cell due to high water content as a result of differing solute concentrations between a semi-permeable membrane. \ > --- a kind of transport wherein ions or molecules move against a concentration gradient which means movement in the direction opposite that of diffusion. This requires energy such as ATP.
 * Water potential- the difference between the chemical potential of the water in biological system and the chemical potential of pure water at the same temperature and pressure.
 * Concentration Gradient
 * Plasmolysis
 * Turgor
 * Active Transport

Experiment
We used two different experiments for this lab to represent diffusion and osmosis. The experiment we used for diffusion was an iodine solution in a beaker and a salt, starch, and sugar solution in a dialysis bag. For osmosis we used one half of a potato in a salt solution and the other half of the potato in regular water. These are the experiments we did to learn about cell transport and answer question 4.

Diffusion
Iodine solution in beaker

Salt, Starch and Sugar solution in the dialysis bag.

Iodine solution and Dialysis bag. The dialysis bag turned a blue/black.

Paragraph:
This experiment represents diffusion because there was a high concentration of chemicals in the dialysis bag. Diffusion is when molecules go into a low concentration. The iodine in the beaker is the lower concentration, so the components in the bag moved into the iodine solution. The dialysis bag turned a blue/black color after 24 hours. The starch, sugar, and salt were dissolved by the water in the bag and the iodine. The starch mixed with the iodine, which caused it to turn blue/black.

Osmosis
Potato that was put in Salt water in a beaker. This potato gained weight because of the salt and became turgid.

Potato that was put in tap water in a beaker. This potato became more rigid and lost weight.

Paragraph:
This lab represents osmosis because the potatoes had a low concentration of water in the cells, so the solute went into it. The salt caused the cells to shrink and make it turgid. If we would have left the potatoes in the containers for more than 40 minutes the salt water potato would have been even more flexible and the pure water one more rigid. The pure water potato weighed 93.2 grams before the lab began and 91.2 g after. The salt water one weighed 90.3 grams and 92.1 grams after. The salt potato gained weight because of the salt and the potato in the pure water solution lost weight because there was nothing besides water in it.

Compare and Contrast Osmosis and Diffusion
The reason osmosis and diffusion are so close is because they are moving from one concentration to another. Osmosis is when a lower concentration moves to a higher concentration and diffusion is when a higher concentration is move to a lower concentration this is a contrast between the to because they are opposite of each other. When these two things are tested they can be tested in similar ways like how some thing absorbs into another or if absorbs it at all.

Passive Processes
Diffusion and osmosis are considered passive processes because they require no energy to move molecules into and out of the cell. They move along the concentration gradient instead of against it like active transport.

http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/diffusion.html

Compare and Contrast of Passive and Active Transport
Passive transport is the transport of a substance across the cell membrane without the use of energy and active transport is when there is a transfer of a substance across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient using energy. The passive transport is a way for a cell to spend less energy while an active transport uses more energy by going against the concentration gradient which is like the flow of the cell the way everything else is going. This in all will use more of the energy stored in your body. Passive transport is kind of like when you are sleeping you are storing or saving energy and passive transport is doing just that saving the energy of the cell. http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080103144907AALkALn

=Pond creatures lab= Red organism found in a bucket of pond water from behind PAHS.

Green algea found in a bucket of pond water.

Green algea with some sort of organism attached to it.

=Protist Lab=

Euglena It is an Autotroph and a Heterotroph. - It gains by absorbing them across their Cell Membrane. - They have an eye that detects sunlight, and is located on the front of the organism. - They use a Flagellum located at the front, which pulls it to where it needs to go. NEAT FACT Can be found in both Salt Water and Fresh Water. http://www.kosmix.com/topic/euglena Paramecium Caudatum It is a Heterotroph. - It feeds off of Bacteria. - Use celia (tiny hairs) to navigate, and to get their food. - They take in water through the process of Osmosis. - They live in Fresh Water. NEAT FACT They communicate with each other, using a non-molecular method, containing Photons. http://www.kosmix.com/topic/Paramecium_Caudatum

Brown Hydra also known as Hydra Found attached to submerged twigs leaves or rocks Usually found in early Spring to late Autumn When in feeding mode can stretch up to 1 inch When scared or disturbed it curls into a small brown ball and is over looked http://www.kosmix.com/topic/brown_hydra Green Hydra Closely related to the jellyfish Grow to 33 millimeters long Found in shallow water attached to plants stones and other objects Can have anywhere from four to twelve tentacles. http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/green_hydra.htm

Daphnia It is one of the several aquatic crustaceans called water fleas because of their saltatory swimming style. They live in anything from acidic swamps to freshwater lakes, ponds, streams and rivers. The heart is at the top of the back, behind the head, and has an average heart rate of approximately 180 bpm normally. []

Amoeba
We couldn't get a picture of an amoeba.

Facts:
An amoeba's most recognizable feature includes one or more nuclei. Amoebae have no definite shape. The cell's organelles and cytoplasm are enclosed by a cell membrane, obtaining its food through phagocytosis, or cellular eating. []

=Yeast Respiration Lab=

Affectors
Things that affect yeast are temperature, oxygen, pH level, and amount of sugar. For yeast to grow, the temperature has to be warm and have a somewhat high sugar concentration. Yeast has a lot of enzymes in it so if the pH level is changed, the enzyme can denature and be ruined causing the yeast to not grow. The sugar creates the energy needed for the yeast to expand. Yeast has aerobic respiration and needs oxygen. Therefore, the more oxygen it has, the more it grows.

Variables
An independent variable is one whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables. A dependent variable is one whose value depends on the independent variable.

** Independent Variables: **
Water Percentage of Sugar Flour

** Dependent Variables: **
Yeast The balloon

Yeast is dependent because it relies on the independent variables to grow. Warm water is needed for the yeast to become active again. The yeast essentially dies if the water is too cold. The balloon rose differently according to what amount of each thing was put in the vial. Water is independent because the measuring wasn't accurate and the flour because each person measured a little differently.

= = =DNA electrophoresis and DNA spooling=



DNA Crime Scene
Blue--Suspect 1, enzyme 1 GreenSuspect 1, enzyme 2 Red---Crime Scene 1, enzyme 1 White-Crime Scene 1, enzyme 2 YellowSuspect 2, enzyme 1 PurpleSuspect 2, enzyme 2

Why do a series of bands appear in the gel? What is true of the DNA fragment band(s) closest to the positive end of the gel (the end opposite the wells)? **Series of bands occur because the electromagnetic waves repel the DNA. The closest to the positive side is lighter and can travel faster.**

What caused the DNA to migrate through the gel? **120 volts of electricity moved through the box. The negative charges repelled the DNA.**

Would you expect your personal DNA fingerprint to be identical to any of the persons tested in this lab? Explain. **//No because each person has a slightly different fingerprint. Clarion sent the DNA over. It wasn’t anybody’s in class either.//**

Based on the results of your gel, what evidence do you have to present to the court concerning this murder case? **//Suspect 2 is the murderer at crime scene 1.//**

Could these DNA samples have been distinguished from one another if only enzyme #1 had been used? Why or why not? **//Yes, because both enzyme 1 for suspect 2 and crime scene 1 match. Enzyme 2 matched for both also. This just gives more proof that he did the crime.//**

DNA Strawberry Spooling
Where is DNA found? Be specific.
 * DNA is found in the nucleus of a cell and mitochondria. The DNA is tightly wound and spread out through the chromosomes. **

Is it possible to see and touch DNA? Explain your answer.
 * Yes, it is. We mixed a solution with the strawberry and broke the membranes. This was then slowly put into the ethanol in a vial. We put a rod in it and swirled it around to collect the DNA. **

What did the DNA look like? Be specific.
 * The DNA looked like clear mucus. It was stringy and looked like it had bubbles in it. **

How did you break down the cell walls within the strawberry?
 * We mashed the strawberry up until it looked like a smoothie. **

Explain how you were able to break down the cell membranes and nuclear membranes within the strawberry.
 * We put homogenizing solution in with the strawberry. Then we smashed the strawberry up. After the solution hit the smashed strawberry, it broke the membranes. **

Explain how the DNA became visible.
 * We put strawberry liquid mixed with homogenizing solution and put it in a test tube full of ice cold ethanol. **

Is DNA the same in all living organisms? Explain your answer.
 * No, it isn’t. DNA may be similar to other organisms, but it isn’t the same. Each organism has a different set of DNA. The are in different orders. **

If you wanted to extract DNA from a living person, which cells would you use and why?
 * You would want to use something with large nuclei, such as a cheek cell. Cheek cells are also easy to get and abundant. **

=Mitosis Lab=

Interphase
The nucleolus can still be present and the cell is still performing normal functions. The organelles and genetics are copied. Interphase involves G1, S, G2, and M.

Prophase
The chromatin condenses and becomes visible as chromsomes if looking in a microscope. The nuclear membrane begins to dissolve. Prometaphase comes after prophase where the chromosomes gain kinetochores.

Metaphase
Metaphase is when the spindles fully develop and the chromosomes line up in the metaphase plate. The chromosomes are divided evenly in Anaphase. Each side will receive 46 chromosomes.

Anaphase
After the chromosomes are in the metaphase plate, the spindle fibers start to separate them. Each side will receive 46 chromsomes. This is so it can be a new cell that functions properly.

Telophase
The nuclear envelopes of the daughter cells are formed from the fragments of the nuclear envelope of the parent cell. The cell is almost split, can see an indentation were the cells have already came apart.

Cytokinesis
It is the division of the cytoplasm. It is the last stage in Mitosis, and it is when the cell splits, and then instead of one cell you now have two cells. after this stage the cell can do its activities what ever they may be.

Information from: [] [] [] []

= POWERPOINT =



=Dalton's Dissection STUFF=


 * III. Digestive: **
 * 1) 1. Compare and contrast the various organs and their order through the body. What role does each of them play (function, physical or chemical action?)

- The organs in the body of a pig are the closest to that of humans. The functions of each organ does the same of what is in the human body:
 * Liver-** the role that a liver plays is to detoxify the body, perform protein synthesis, and aids in the production of biochemical’s necessary for digestion.
 * Spleen-** removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve of blood in case of hemorrhagic shock, while also simultaneously recycling iron.
 * Lungs-** allows you to breath.
 * Kidneys-** are essential in the urinary system and also serve in the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid-base balance, and regulation of blood pressure (by maintaining salt and water balance). They are basically the body’s main filter.
 * Stomach-** one of the most important organs in the Digestive System. It aids in the Production of Stomach Acids that break down the food that is eaten, then moves it through the intestines.
 * Intestines-** they aid in the digesting of food and while doing so they absorb nutrients that are in the digested food.


 * 1) 2. Which organisms have similar organs in the digestive system? How does that compare to the types of food that they eat?
 * - the crawfish and the fetal pig are the closest in organs being closely related. They all do just about the same functions.**
 * 1) 3. How is the organ adapted to provide as many reactions as possible in the shortest amount of space?
 * - The organs in the body of a pig are smaller and therefore have to have different adaptations than that of a human.**
 * 1) 4. How are the same design features found in the parts of the cell as well as in other organisms and the environment?**-**
 * - im not SURE ???**